<p>Mount Goodsir  is the highest mountain in the Ottertail Range, a subrange of the Canadian Rockies in British Columbia. It is located in Yoho National Park, near its border with Kootenay National Park. The mountain has two major summits, the South Tower  and the North Tower, 3,525 m.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named by James Hector in 1859 after two brothers, John Goodsir (a Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University) and H.D.S. Goodsir (a surgeon on the ship HMS Erebus).</p><br>
<p>The standard route on the South Tower is the southwest ridge, a straightforward but long climb (Grade III), which consists primarily of non-technical terrain, but includes short sections of narrow ridge graded YDS 5.4. Access to any route on either Tower requires a long hike.</p><br>
<p>Strawbery Banke is an outdoor history museum located in the South End historic district of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It is the oldest neighborhood in New Hampshire to be settled by Europeans, and the earliest neighborhood remaining in the present-day city of Portsmouth. It features more than 37 restored buildings built between the 17th and 19th centuries in the Colonial, Georgian, and Federal style architectures. The buildings once clustered around a waterway known as Puddle Dock, which was filled in around 1900. Today the former waterway appears as a large open space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhoods history goes back to 1630, when Captain Walter Neale chose the area to build a settlement, naming it after the wild berries growing along the Piscataqua River. Strawbery Banke existed as a neighborhood for four centuries from 1630 to the late 1950s. The neighborhoods buildings were saved from 1950s urban renewal by the efforts of a large group of historic preservationists. Strawbery Banke opened as a museum in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Nine houses are open to the public as furnished historic interiors. Guests learn from staff interpreters the history and lifestyles of each house and how it reflects the social changes of its time period. In a few locations, costumed roleplayers portray characters from time periods past. There are also five formal exhibits on archaeology, architecture, woodworking tools and skills, post-and-beam construction, and amusements and entertainment. Hearth cooking and coopering demonstrations and tours are offered during a daily program season. Seasonal events are also held around major holidays.</p><br>
<p>Across the street from the museum are the riverside gardens and entertainments of Prescott Park.</p><br>
<p>Strawbery Banke was featured in Bob Vila&#39;s A&E Network production, Guide to Historic Homes of America.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>St. Georges Episcopal Church is a historic church located at 209 East 16th Street at Rutherford Place, on Stuyvesant Square in Manhattan, New York City. Called "one of the first and most significant examples of Early Romanesque Revival church architecture in America", the church exterior was designed by Charles Otto Blesch and the interior by Leopold Eidlitz. It is one of the two sanctuaries of the Calvary-St. Georges Parish.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original St. George&#39;s was a chapel built in 1752 by Trinity Church on Chapel Street (now Beekman Street) in Lower Manhattan, for the convenience of its congregants who lived on the east side of the city. That building had a columned portico, arched windows and a hexagonal steeple. In 1811 the congregation became independent, and in 1846–1856 they built a new church uptown, on very fashionable Stuyvesant Square.</p><br>
<p>The architects of the new church were Charles Otto Blesch and Leopold Eidlitz. The exterior design, attributed to Blesch, was influenced by the Rundbogenstil (round-arch style) Ludwigskirche in Munich and the plain hall churches of Germany. Eidlitz designed the interior spaces. He also designed the rectory—also known as the Henry Hill Pierce House—which was built in the early 1850s. The spires on each tower of the church were completed almost a decade after the remainder of the building.</p><br>
<p>The church was gutted by fire in 1865, and was rebuilt within the next two years under the supervision of Eidlitz. The pastor of St. George&#39;s at the time of the reconstruction was Stephen H. Tyng, who was a leader in the evangelical wing of the Episcopal Church, and considered to be one of the most notable preachers of the time. Under his instructions, the interior of the rebuilt church reflected his views: the altar, for instance, was a plain table.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, more than twenty years after the church had been rebuilt, the spires on the two towers were removed.</p><br>
<p>For decades while J.P. Morgan was senior warden and the churchs most influential parishioner, the church was colloquially referred to as "Morgans Church". By 1880, the Episcopal church sat in the middle of a neighborhood filled with immigrants, who were largely Catholic and Jewish; its parishioners had moved elsewhere under pressure of new populations.</p><br>
<p>Through Morgan&#39;s initiative, the church brought in the Rev. WIlliam Stephen Rainsford as the new rector in 1883. Rainsford, who had experience with urban ministries, felt that "the whole aspect of the modern Protestant churches, in our large cities at least, is repellent to the poor man."</p><br>
<p>Besides J. P. Morgan, another notable congregant of the church was Harry Thacker Burleigh, the spiritual singer and classical composer. He performed in the church choir for 50 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the parish merged with two others—Calvary Church, which was founded in 1832 and moved to the Gramercy Park area in 1842, and the Church of the Holy Communion, built on Sixth Avenue in 1844—to form the Calvary-St George&#39;s Parish. Calvary Church is still operating, on Park Avenue South at 21st Street, but the Church of the Holy Communion was deconsecrated and sold to pay down the debts of the new combined parish. It was adapted as the Limelight disco. It now is operated as an upscale marketplace.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The church is part of a complex of buildings which includes Eidlitz rectory, and the St. George Memorial House at 207 East 16th Street, designed by his son, Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz, and built in 1886 as a gift from J. P. Morgan, The churchs facade was restored in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors</h2><br>
<p>Rev. James Milnor, D.D. (1773–1845), was rector at St. George&#39;s Chapel from 1816 until his death on April 8, 1845, in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Rev. William S. Rainsford (October 30, 1850 – December 17, 1933) was the rector from 1882 to 1906.</p><br>
<p>Basin is the ninth-highest peak of the High Peaks Region in the Adirondack Park in New York, United States. The peak was named by Verplanck Colvin for several basins formed between knobs on its slopes. It is located in the High Peaks Wilderness Area. A basin is an area of land enclosed by higher land.</p><br>
<p>Basin Mountain is one of the highest peaks in the Great Range.</p><br>
<p>Basin Mountain can be climbed from many trailheads in the Adirondacks. The shortest route to the peak starts at The Garden trailhead west of the village of Keene Valley. An excellent hike would be starting at the Roostercomb Trailhead in Keene Valley and climbing along the entire Great Range. There are very steep sections of open rock in the Great Range which make this very challenging. Also, the mileage and vertical rise are considerable, which would make this best be done as an overnight trip or a day trip with very light packs. The trail climbs up to a junction below the summit of Roostercomb. That is a four way intersection with a spur trail leading to Roostercomb and another leading to the Snow Mountain and the Ausable Valley. Straight ahead leads further up the Range toward Hedgehog Mountain. The side trips to Snow and Roostercomb, which are open, rocky peaks, are suggested. Continuing to Hedgehog and down the other side is the best camping area. The next day will be longer because the route takes you up Lower Wolf Jaw, Upper Wolf Jaw, Armstrong, Gothics, Saddleback, and Basin. The following day, the trail would take you up and over Haystack to Panther Gorge and then up so Four Corners where Skylight and Marcy can be climbed.</p><br>
<p>Big Slide is the twenty-seventh highest peak of the High Peaks Region of the Adirondack Park in New York. The peak was named for the prominent steep cliff that rises to its summit. It is located in the High Peaks Wilderness Area.</p><br>
<p>Because it is relatively close to trail heads and because it offers a close view of the nearby Great Range, Big Slide is a popular day hiking destination. The most popular approach is via the Brothers, a set of rocky crags which offer several views on the way to the summit. It can also be climbed via the Slide Mountain Brook Trail from the Phelps trail in Johns Brook Valley, or combined with Yard Mountain via the Klondike Notch trail (Yard&#39;s elevation is 4018 feet, but it is not one of the High Peaks as it is too close to Big Slide).</p><br>
<p>Despite its name, the Dassower See, sometimes called Lake Dassow or Dassow Bay in English, is not a lake, but a side bay, locally known as a wiek, of the Trave Fjord, northeast of Lübeck  on the Baltic Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The town of Dassow in the district Nordwestmecklenburg is the only large settlement on the shores of the bay. The Dassower See is a saltwater bay, which together with the Pötenitzer Wiek is almost fully cut off from the open sea and the Bay of Lübeck by the Priwall Peninsula. The bay is approximately 8 km&sup2; in area and has a funnel-like shape extending outwards from the mouth of the River Stepenitz in the southeast and narrowing again in the northwest where it enters the Pötenitzer Wiek to approximately 300 m. At the mouth of the Stepenitz, near the Dassow Bridge, is a small landing stage for fishing boats from Dassow.</p><br>
<p>The bay belongs to the city of Lübeck, and its entire shoreline forms part of the western border of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>As home to approximately 30 kinds of duck, the Dassower See is one of the largest bird reserves in Germany. The lake provides refuge and is also an important migration and wintering area for Nordic water fowl that shelter on its two islands of grass and reeds. The entire shore of the Dassower See and the bay itself have been protected by the European Union since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tourism and land development was not permitted until German reunification as the entire lakeshore range was a restricted area. The GDR had erected a wall, several metres high, along the shore, so the lake could not be seen from East Germany. Entering the prohibited area was possible only with special permission. The border runs along the flood line, so that during normal water levels a narrow strip along the bank belongs to Schleswig-Holstein which was part of the Federal Republic. Thus, boats could ply the Trave delta without hindrance.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>The castle of Schloss Lütgenhof is situated on the shore of the Dassower See. Moritz von Paepcke designed and built this castle in 1839. Mast-Jägermeister AG converted Schloss Lütgenhof to a restaurant and hotel with twenty-three rooms in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Manfred Diehl, Dorothea Diehl: Naturschutzgebiete an der Ostseeküste Schleswig-Holsteins. In: Berichte des Vereins „Natur und Heimat“ und des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Lübeck. (Protected Areas of the Baltic Sea Coast of Schleswig-Holstein. In: Reports of the Association "Nature and Homeland" and the Nature-Historical Museum to Lübeck.) Heft (Number) 19/20, 1986,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Curlethney Hill is a landform in Aberdeenshire, Scotland within the Mounth Range of the Grampian Mountains.  The peak elevation of this mountain is 246 metres above mean sea level. This landform lies slightly southwest of the village of Netherley. The northwest boundary of the moorland atop Curlethney Hill is formed by the southwestern flanks of Craggie Cat, a nearby peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>This mountain is covered virtually entirely with moorland. Curlethney Hill is situated approximately 0.9 kilometers to the east of Meikle Carewe Hill; surface runoff and drainage from the northern and eastern slopes of Curlethney Hill flows north to Crynoch Burn, at reaches above the Red Moss. Waters within the Red Moss are decidedly acidic, with measured summer pH values in the range of 5.67. These low pH levels may be caused in part by the peat drainage from the moorland on Meikle Carewe Hill and Curlethney Hill. The southwest flanks of Curlethney Hill drain to Cowton Burn, a tributary of the Cowie Water.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farm proposal</h2><br>
<p>Renewable Energy Resources has an application pending before the Aberdeenshire Council to create a windfarm for electrical power generation using Curlethney Hill, Meikle Carewe Hill and nearby high ground to install 12 wind turbines, four of which are proposed for Curlethney Hill itself, and two others to be in the saddle areas on either side of Curlethney Hill. Each turbine would reach a height of 70 metres above grade level, and the entire complex could generate enough power to supply the equivalent of 5000 homes. Environmental concerns over the proposal include noise pollution, visual impact and ecological disturbance.</p><br>
<p>The History of The Baltimore City College began in March 1839, when the City Council of Baltimore, Maryland, United States, passed a resolution mandating the creation of a male high school with a focus on the study of English and classical literature. "The High School"  was opened later in the same year on October 20, with 46 pupils under the direction of Professor Nathan C. Brooks,, a local noted classical educator and poet, who became the first principal of a new type of higher institution in the developing public education system in the city begun in 1829. It is now considered to be the third oldest public high school / secondary school in the nation. In 1850, the Baltimore City Council granted the school, then known as the "Central High School of Baltimore", the authority to present its graduates with certificates of completion. An effort to expand that academic power and allow the then named "Central High School of Baltimore" to confer Bachelor of Arts degrees began following the Civil War in 1865, and continued the following year with the renaming of the institution as "The Baltimore City College", which it still holds to this day, with also the retitling of its chief academic officer from "principal" to "president", along with an increase in the number of years of its course of study and the expansion of its courses. However, despite this early elevation effort, it ended at that brief period unsuccessfully in 1869, although the B.C.C. continued for a number of years as a hybrid public high school and early form of junior college  which did not fully appear in America in different form until the beginning of the 20th century. Very often the elaborate decorative fancy engraved graduation diploma from the B.C.C. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was accepted by many other colleges and universities entitling City graduates to enter upper-division schools at the sophomore year, .</p><br>
<p>As the importance of higher education increased in the early 20th century, the High Schools priorities shifted to preparing students for college. In 1927, only one year before the school moved from its home at Howard and Centre Streets for 53 years to the magnificent stone "Castle on the Hill" on "Collegian Hill", the academic program was further changed, when the City College divided its curriculum into two tracks: the standard college preparatory program, or "B Course", and a more rigorous stiff "Advanced College Prep" curriculum, the famed "A&#39; Course" of study focusing on humanities, social studies, liberal arts and the Classics. (also available in the mathematics/science/technology fields in a more structured form with little options/electives at "Poly" and at Western and Eastern High Schools for girls).</p><br>
<p>The school underwent major demographic changes following the USA Supreme Court&#39;s unanimous ruling in the May 1954 decision "Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" case that called for an end to racial segregation. African Americans joined City College for the first time at the end of that summer, in September 1954 and became a significant proportion of the student population by the 1960s, with over half black by 1966, reflecting similar trends in the city itself. Mr. Pierre H. Davis, also later became the first "Negro"/"Colored" teacher to join the B.C.C. faculty the following year of 1955 for only one year in the Business Education Department, along with Eugene Parker in the Physical Education Department, who went on becoming head basketball coach for three decades. Mr. Davis, coincidentally returned 15 years later to become the first Afro-American principal of the City College in September 1970. The school saw further changes in the student population with the admission of women in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Academic standards and enrollment numbers at the Baltimore City College (B.C.C.) after reaching a high of near 4,000 boys by the mid-1960s went through a period of decline first in the late 1960s to mid 1970s, with the rapid opening of newer additional high schools both in the outreaches of the city along with the rapidly expanding suburbs in surrounding Baltimore County. Two in the city system were Northwestern in 1965 and Northern in the following year. Three high schools were completed and opened all at one time in September 1971, with Southwestern, Walbrook and a massive huge complex nearby to City in Clifton Park on the bed of the old reservoir off Harford Road, Lake Clifton. The A and B courses were slowly dying out and unfortunately discontinued by 1973, and a single academic track was offered.</p><br>
<p>After another period of neglect in the late 1980s after the decade long stimulating and long leadership of the "New City College" program, curriculum and admissions standards under Principal Solomon Lausch, by the early 1990s, to the mid-1990s, with an increase in funding from the BCPS school system, and the selection of the high school to be one of the few to sub-contract out it&#39;s maintenance and support functions to the Educational Alternatives, Inc. private system (E.A.I.) who were already academically operating and running several other city elementary and middle schools under an experimental but controversial contract with the BCPS and the School Board. The B.C.C. began to experience a turnaround under new principal and former attorney, Dr. Joseph Wilson brought in during 1994 after a nationwide job search. Administrators re-strengthened academic standards and, in 1998, the school began offering the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program. By the beginning of the decade of the 2000s, City College was experiencing an academic resurgence. During this period the school was recognized by the USA Department of Education as a National Blue Ribbon School, was listed as one of the top high schools in the United States by Newsweek magazine.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>The creation of a male high school "in which the higher branches of English and classical literature should be taught exclusively" was authorized unanimously by the Baltimore City Council on March 7, 1839. A townhouse of probably two stories with a sloped roof and dormer window structure on what was then known as Courtland Street (now east side of "Preston Gardens", built in the late 1910s with terraced and bermed flower beds with shrubs and monumental staircases along St. Paul Street and St. Paul Place, of five square blocks between East Centre Street in the north and East Lexington Street to the south, as Baltimore&#39;s first downtown "urban renewal" project, which unfortunately resulted in the razing of hundreds of beautiful, but run-down, then neglected Federal, Georgian, and Greek Revival architecture-styled townhomes and classical business structures that would be considered to be saved under the "historic preservation" standards today) was acquired to serve as the home of the new high school. The school opened its doors that Fall on October 20, 1839 with 46 students. Enrollment was restricted to white, male students of Baltimore City who had completed grammar school and passed an entrance exam. Additional student applicants from the surrounding rural (and later suburban) Baltimore County and Anne Arundel County were considered upon payment of tuition to the Baltimore City Public Schools system Those enrolled were offered two academic tracks, a classical literature track and an English literature track. The sole instructor for both tracks was the educator and poet, Nathan C. Brooks, who also served as principal. To accommodate the two tracks, Brooks split the school day into two sections: one in the morning from 9 am to 12 am, and another in the afternoon from 2 pm to 5 pm. During the morning session, students studied either classics or English; however, the afternoon was devoted to English.</p><br>
<p>In its first three years, the school was housed in many locations before returning to the original townhouse building on Courtland Street. In 1843, the City Council allocated $23,000 to acquire a building for the school at the northeastern corner of East Fayette and Holliday Streets, (across the street from the later Baltimore City Hall, constructed 1867-1875), and the site of the present War Memorial Plaza, constructed 1917-1925). The renovated new school building was the former old "Assembly Rooms", a Greek Revival architecture civic landmark, built in 1797 by architects Robert Cary Long, Sr. and Col. Nicholas Rogers (ancestor owner of the estate which became Druid Hill Park) to accommodate social events for Baltimores social elite at the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, which had begun in the 1780s. and the site of the first private library company of Baltimore. The school was next door to the famous Holliday Street Theatre, where the poem "The Defence of Fort McHenry", now known as the "Star Spangled Banner" written by Frederick and Georgetown lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, (1779-1843), was first performed on its stage in October and November 1814, following the Battle of Baltimore, with the British Royal Navy and Army attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812, (now known as "Defenders Day") on September 12-13-14, 1814. Although it was not designed to house an academic institution, the school would occupy this building for 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The male high school for Baltimore went through the first of a series of name changes in 1844. First known and founded in 1839 as "The High School", it was renamed the "Male High School" because of the establishment of two schools for females — Eastern and Western High Schools, which opened in November of that year.</p><br>
<p>In 1849, after a decade of service, Prof. Brooks resigned as principal of the school, which had now grown to include 232 students and 7 teachers, excluding Brooks. Rev. Dr. Francis G. Waters, who had been the president of the Washington College, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in Chestertown, succeeded Brooks. The following year the city council renamed the school "The Central High School of Baltimore" and granted the commissioners of the public schools the right to confer certificates to the high school&#39;s graduates. Exercising that new authority, the new C.H.S. of B. held its first commencement ceremony in 1851 with noted local philosopher, author and civic leader Severn Teackle Wallis, (1816-1894), as the guest speaker, (Wallis has a bronze statue to his memory and many city accomplishments at the eastern end from the Washington Monument of Mount Vernon Place/East Monument Street facing the intersection with St. Paul Street. This bolstered enrollment in the school, as students were drawn by the prospect of receiving a certificate attesting to their level of education. That year 156 students applied to the school—an increase of 50 students.</p><br>
<p>The growing enrollment necessitated a reorganization of the school. Under the direction of Waters, the school day was divided into eight periods lasting forty-five minutes: four sessions were held in the morning and four in the afternoon. In addition to reorganizing the schedule, he divided the courses into seven different departments: Belles-letters and history, mathematics, natural sciences, moral, mental, and political science, ancient languages, modern languages and music. Each of the seven instructors was assigned to a distinct department and received the title of "professor".</p><br>
<h2>Baltimore City College</h2><br>
<p>In 1865, in accordance with a recommendation from the board of commissioners of the Baltimore City public schools, City College began offering a five-year track, beginning a process aimed at elevating the school to a college and allowing it to grant its graduates degrees. To further these aims, the school was renamed "The Baltimore City College" (BCC) by an act of the city council on October 9, 1866. That same year, the board of commissioners recommended that the city council make a formal proposal to the Maryland General Assembly to grant City College the authority to confer Bachelor of Arts degrees to its graduates. According to the 38th Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Public Schools to the Mayor and City Council, the elevation of the school was designed to "afford advantages to students...who may adopt the profession of teacher as a pursuit of life." Thus, the elevation was intended to provide qualified teachers for the Baltimore school system. However, the city council never acted on this recommendation and though the school changed nominally, it was never truly granted the power of a college. Not only did the city council fail to make the recommendation to the general assembly, but it also failed to adequately maintain the facilities of the school. In the 43rd Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Public Schools to the Mayor and City Council, the president of the board wrote:</p><br>
<p>In addition, the president of the board again requested that the city council attempt to elevate the status of City College, "so that it shall be placed on equal footing in all respects to that of a first class collegiate institution," but no action was taken. Since there was no incentive to pursue the five-year track, no student remained at the school for the extra year of study and the course was abandoned in 1869.</p><br>
<h2>Relocation</h2><br>
<p>It was not until 1873, when a fire spread from the Holliday Street Theatre to the "Assembly Rooms," that the city council finally decided to expend the resources to erect a new building for the school. The city council acquired a lot on Howard Street opposite Centre Street and allocated $150,000 for the construction of the new building. During the construction, City College was housed in a building of the Baltimore Female College, where it remained until its new English Gothic revival-style building was dedicated on February 1, 1875. While at the Baltimore Female College, the five-year course was reintroduced and the four-year track was eliminated. That allowed students to pursue advanced courses, which included calculus, political economy, logic and higher-level language courses, which were emphasized in the curriculum. Students were expected to learn Latin, French, and German; and Greek was offered as an optional course.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, ceremonies were held in the adjacent Academy of Music for the new Johns Hopkins University, which had established several buildings alongside City College under its first president, Daniel Coit Gilman. Four graduates of City College entered Hopkins as a part of the first undergraduate class. That same year BCC&#39;s academic program underwent further changes with the introduction of a one-year track, which provided an opportunity for students who could not complete the entire course of study because they needed to enter the labor market. Courses in the one-year track focused on providing students with pragmatic skills, such as "book-keeping", "commercial arithmetic", and "business correspondence".</p><br>
<p>City College&#39;s first extracurricular activity, the Bancroft Literary Association, was established the same year to provide a forum for student debate. A second debating society, the Carrollton Society, was established in 1878. One of the first athletic teams appeared the following year, when a group of students organized a lacrosse team—the first at a public high school.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Poly) in 1883 was an important development for City Colleges athletics program. With the founding of Poly, City College acquired an arch rival in academics and sports—particularly football. The schools have met annually in a football clash since 1889. The formal organization of an athletic program at BCC did not begin until 1895. During the early years of the athletic program, City College played chiefly against college teams because few other secondary schools existed in Maryland. City Colleges 1895 football schedule included St. John&#39;s College, Swarthmore College, the United States Naval Academy, University of Maryland, and Washington College.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstruction</h2><br>
<p>City College&#39;s Tudor and Gothic-style building, designed by Baltimore City Hall architect George A Frederick, lasted until 1892, when it was undermined by the construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad tunnel from Camden Station to Mount Royal Station, and collapsed. Several years of political in-fighting and the change to a reformist city administration delayed construction of a new structure. Designed by the architects Baldwin and Pennington, the new structure was not completed until 1899.</p><br>
<p>The succeeding year, the only time since 1851, the school did not hold a commencement. Members of the senior class had decided to make fun of the professors in the Green Bag—City College&#39;s year book since 1896. When the school board was alerted of the matter, it attempted to censor the edition, passing a resolution requiring the Green Bag to be reviewed by Principal Francis A. Soper. However, the year book had already been printed, and the editors refused to have the edition censored and reprinted. The school board responded by withholding the diplomas of six of the editors of the Green Bag and the business manager, and by preventing the school from holding a commencement ceremony. One of the boys expelled, Clarence Keating Bowie, became a member of the school board in 1926.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the course of study at City College went through a series of further changes. The most significant was the reduction of the five-year course of study to four years; though students who entered prior to 1900 were allowed to complete the five-year course. The new course, like the course it replaced, allowed graduates to be admitted to Johns Hopkins University without examination, and provided students with greater flexibility. Instead of requiring students to complete the same set of courses, it allowed students to choose their courses, as long as they completed 150 credits.</p><br>
<p>The program&#39;s explicit purpose was to provide special preparation for those wishing to attend college because of the increasing significance of college education. Though specific classes were not required, to meet the goal, students were required to complete courses in English literature and composition, four foreign languages, mathematics, science, history, commerce, drawing, music, and physical culture.</p><br>
<h2>"Castle on the Hill"</h2><br>
<p>By World War I, attendance in the school was rapidly increasing. An annex was added on 26th Street to alleviate overcrowding in the Howard Street building, but it was insufficient. Therefore, during the 1920s, alumni began campaigning to provide a proper building for the school, and in 1926, ground was broken for a massive Collegiate Gothic stone castle with a 38-acre (153,781 m²) campus, on a hill in the newly annexed northeastern suburbs at 33rd Street and The Alameda. The four-level "Castle on the Hill", which was surmounted by a 150 ft (46 m) tower and designed by architects Buckler and Fenhagen, cost almost $3,000,000 and accommodated 2,500 students. The "castle" featured arched windows and cornices, cloisters, gargoyles, stained glass, mahogany paneling, plaster arches, chandeliers and terra cotta tiles and terrazzo floors with two courtyards and plans for additional wings and buildings.</p><br>
<p>The following year, in 1927, the "Advanced Academic Course" ("A" Course) was introduced. Students in the "A" Course were able to enter their second year of college following their graduation. This program of study and its counterpart, the college preparatory course ("B" Course), became the backbone of City Colleges academic program for over 60 years. On April 10, 1928, after nearly two years of construction, "The Castle on the Hill" opened its doors to the students and faculty. The next year, the students published the first edition of The Collegian, City Colleges newspaper. The publication quickly became an indispensable part of student life and gained national attention, when it won second place in a contest sponsored by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association of Columbia University. The Collegian held the first place title between 1935–1939.</p><br>
<p>When Japan&#39;s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led to USA entry into World War II, blood donor projects, stamp and bond drives, and the dedication of service flags gave the City College a wartime atmosphere. More than three-quarters of the students participated in the Victory Corps, which sponsored courses in communications, map reading, judo and the study of the poisonous and non-poisonous plants on Pacific islands. By the time the war ended in 1945, 4,667 City College students had served in the armed forces, 204 of whom lost their lives. The names of all of the fallen, including two Medal of Honor recipients, are inscribed on a bronze memorial, which sits today in the center of the school.</p><br>
<h2>Integration</h2><br>
<p>Following the landmark Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, the Baltimore City board of school commissioners was forced to desegregate the school system, which had been racially divided since the 1860s. As a result, 10 African-American students entered City College in September 1954, comprising 0.5% of the student population. A decade later, in the 1964–65 academic year, African-American students represented 30% of the student population.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 the school system also sent two African-American men to teach at the school: Eugene Parker, who coached for thirty years, and Pierre Davis, who left after one year but returned in 1971 as City College&#39;s first African-American principal.</p><br>
<p>Although African-American enrollment increased, the transition from the segregated system was not seamless. In 1964, enrollment in the selective "A" Course still skewed disproportionately to white students. Only six African Americans were enrolled that year compared with 110 Whites, and they were similarly underrepresented in extracurricular activities.</p><br>
<p>Such de facto segregation was a systemic problem in Baltimore throughout the 1960s. To address the problem, Superintendent Laurence G. Paquin proposed a reorganization of Baltimores high schools. He called for the creation of 13 comprehensive high schools that would offer both vocational training and college preparatory classes, and the elimination of multiple academic tracks in high school. However, Paquins proposal met stiff opposition from City College parents and alumni, who feared that his plan threatened the foundations of City Colleges academic program. Councilman William Donald Schaefer, an alumnus of City College, convened a City Council hearing on the proposal, which stymied Paquins effort.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1970s, the school&#39;s population, academic program, and building were all in decline, in part reflecting the economic problems of the city as a whole. In 1977, the city school system allocated money to refurbish the school and bolster the college preparatory program. That same year the school system announced its intent to make City College coeducational; however, the all-male tradition did not end easily. Alumni argued for the uniqueness of a single-sex education system, and a task force studying the issue voted 11–6 in favor of keeping the all-male tradition. In a stunning reversal, the board of school commissioners voted to admit women citing constitutional concerns over equal rights. The following year City College enrolled women for the first time.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>By 1990, the school&#39;s academic program was once again deteriorating and enrollment was declining. The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools raised questions about the ability of City College to offer students an academically rigorous course of study. However, the change did little to improve the school; therefore, in 1992, the school system hired a private contractor to run City College. That action was a part of the unsuccessful "Educational Alternatives program", which lasted for about 14 months. Then, in 1994, Joseph M. Wilson was appointed principal of City College. Wilson, with the aid of alumni and parents, was able to secure more funding and autonomy from the school system, which were used to redesign the curriculum and to introduce the IB Diploma Program in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The new academic program attracted increased attention to the school. In 2000, City College was recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School by the USA Department of Education, which placed it among the best schools in the country. The following year, the Toronto National Post reported on the two-month-long task of searching for the perfect high school in Great Britain, the United States, and Canada. It "never found the perfect school... we found a few outstanding ones," the paper concluded. And one of these—the subject of a prominent feature article—was City College, led by Wilson. The schools rankings in Newsweeks report of the nation&#39;s top high schools improved during this period. In 2003, it was ranked 593. Three years later, in 2006, City College was ranked 206, and in 2007 it was ranked 258. Given an estimated 27,500 public high schools across the nation, in 2007 ranking placed City College in the top one percent of all high schools. In its criteria, Newsweek divided the number of Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate tests taken by the number of graduating seniors. The magazine stated that the measure showed schools which were committed to helping students take college-level courses.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the academic resurgence of the school, the building was recognized for its historical and architectural interest. The Castle on the Hill was honored in 2003 by being placed on the National Register of Historic Places. This designation coincided with the 75th anniversary of the structure and campus as well as City College&#39;s 165th year of existence. On April 24, 2007 it earned the additional distinction of being listed as a Baltimore City Landmark. Mayor Sheila Dixon stated that: "The castle on the hill, as City College is known, is truly a historic landmark. It is worthy of preservation and acknowledgment."</p><br>
<p>The landmark status bill was passed by the city council in accordance with a recommendation made by the councils staff, which found that the building dates from a historic and architecturally significant period. This new status prevents the buildings exterior from being altered without the approval of the city&#39;s Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation. However, the previous year City College was a victim of vandalism at the hands of a group of children ranging in age from 8 to 15, as a renovation of the school neared completion. In the summer of 2007, scenes from the 2008 sequel Step Up 2 were filmed at City College. Interior and campus shots were used to form the fictional Maryland School for the Arts.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 controversy about the academic program arose, when members of the Baltimore City College Alumni Association argued that the IB Program was diverting a significant amount of the school&#39;s resources to benefit a fraction of the student population. Approximately 30 students out of 1300 were enrolled in the full IB Diploma Program at City College. Some members also argued that the rigidity of the program did not give students enough flexibility. This is the second largest donation by a single alumnus to the school, David Rubenstein, founder of the Carlyle Group donated the largest amount—$100,000 in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Principals</h2><br>
<p>indicates principals who attended Baltimore City College</p><br>
<p>Bakers Pit is a phreatic maze cave system near Buckfastleigh, Devon, England.</p><br>
<p>It was first opened in 1847 by quarrying activities.</p><br>
<p>Bakers Pit is entered via a vertical descent of 16 metres. It has 3.631 km of passage contained within an area of 4 hectare and a small stream, flowing to the River Dart, that is still actively developing the cave. It was once connected to Reeds cave, however, only "voice" connection is currently possible, and only in a few locations. Connections between the two systems have been filled in with concrete to protect the beautiful formations in the Reeds cave.</p><br>
<p>The cave was much frequented between the wars by local people during which time many of the calcite formations were destroyed, although there are signs that there is some active regeneration.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Devon caves are good places to find humidity-loving collembola and Pseudosinella dobati (a blind white cave-adapted species), Symphyla isabellae, Tetracanthella britannica and Heteromurus nitidus have been recorded in Baker&#39;s Pit. Other invertebrates include the staphilinid beetle Quedius mesomelinus and the arachnid Lessertia denticalis.</p><br>
<p>The Agate Falls Scenic Site is a waterfall and scenic site located in Interior Township, in southeastern Ontonagon County, Michigan. The waterfall is 7 miles  southeast of Bruce Crossing, Michigan on the state highway M-28.</p><br>
<p>Agate Falls is a 39-foot-high (12 m) waterfall of the Middle Branch of the Ontonagon River. Dropping down from the highlands of the western Upper Peninsula, this river drops 875 ft from the Bond Falls Flowage to Lake Superior, and Agate Falls is part of this change in elevation.</p><br>
<p>The water flows over a shelf of erosion-resistant sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The falls can be seen from a trail accessible from a parking lot on M-28 or from a sturdy railroad bridge which now is part of a snowmobile and atv trail. This bridge, which once carried the tracks of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, spans the falls. A roadside picnic area offers simple recreational opportunities.</p><br>
<p>Col de la Pierre Saint-Martin  is a mountain pass on the France-Spain border in the western Pyrenees in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques  and Navarra . The climb from the Spanish side was used in the 2007 Tour de France.</p><br>
<p>Close to the summit of the pass, there is the ski station of Arette-Pierre-Saint-Martin.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, on Bastille Day, the tenth leg of the Tour climbed the Col in the other direction, from Arette up to the village of Pierre Saint Martin, which hosted the end of a stage for the first time ever.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>The southern side of the climb, starting from Isaba (Navarra, Spain) is 27 km long at an average gradient of 3.6% (height gain – 966 m). The final stages of the climb start at Larra Belagua (1026m.) with 14 km at 5.2%, with a maximum of 7.4%.</p><br>
<p>The pass is situated south east of Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Starting from Arette (north east), the climb is 15.3 km long gaining 1,466 m (an average gradient of 5.7%). En route, the climb passes over the Col de Labays (1,351 m), the Pas de Guilhers (1,436 m) and the Col du Soudet (1,540 m).</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The climb from the south featured in 2007 in the Tour de France for the first time on the 218.5 km stage 16 from Orthez to Gourette–Col d&#39;Aubisque.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The McGraw Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street is a building 33 stories and 485 ft high, located in the Hell&#39;s Kitchen section of Manhattan, New York City. It was completed in 1931 and designed by Raymond Hood. The second building named after McGraw Hill in New York City, it replaces the function of the original McGraw-Hill building at 469 Tenth Avenue. The exterior walls of the building are panels of blue-green terra-cotta ceramic tiles, alternating with green-metal-framed windows, with a strongly horizontal orientation. The building was the only one in the city displayed in the influential International Style exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 1932, and as such, it has also been cited as a landmark of Art Deco design.</p><br>
<p>Located on West 42nd Street, between Eighth and Ninth Avenues, above the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the McGraw-Hill Building was the tallest building in the Hell&#39;s Kitchen neighborhood for decades, but lost that status with the construction of One Worldwide Plaza eight blocks to the north. It is still visible from a distance, but is dwarfed by the newly constructed Orion, a 58-story residential complex with a green exterior to its west on the same block.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<p>This address was given by Jack Kirby in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941) as the mailing address to which fans could write to the title character, as the offices of Timely Comics, which later became Marvel Comics, were located in the building.</p><br>
<p>The Nachusa House is a former hotel building in Dixon, Illinois, United States along Galena Avenue . The building was constructed in 1853 and operated continuously as a hotel until 1988. It underwent many alterations during the time it operated as a hotel. Following its period as a hotel the five-story mansard roofed building fell into disrepair and was nearly demolished in 1997. The building was restored by the Illinois Housing Development Authority and a Chicago developer at a cost of US$3.2 million and renovated into affordable housing for senior citizens. During its height the Nachusa House was a popular stop along rail and stagecoach lines and was a known layover for Abraham Lincoln. The Nachusa House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nachusa House was first conceived in 1837 by John Dixon, the founder of Dixon, Illinois, and a group of early settlers when they returned from a trip to the then-state capital of Vandalia. While in Vandalia the group had pushed the state legislature for a charter to establish the Dixon Hotel Company. Money was raised and a foundation laid in 1838 but the Panic of 1837 put a halt to the project.</p><br>
<p>The Nachusa House was finally constructed in 1853 as a four-story limestone building with simple wooden lintel and sill windows. The structure is perched on a hilltop overlooking the Rock River, directly across the street from the Lee County Courthouse. The hotel gets its unique name from John Dixon. "Na-Chu-Sa" was the name area Native Americans gave to Dixon, meaning "head white hair".</p><br>
<p>The past commercial success of Nachusa House is reflected through the many changes to its design. The first addition to the hotel was in 1854 when the old west annex was added, this four story, 60 room structure was demolished during the 1950s and rebuilt as it appears today. In 1868 the mansard roof and fifth floor were added to the building; both features were important in solidifying the hotels image as a first class hotel. Other architectural details were added and removed through the years, including the addition of a thin coat of stucco in the 1880s. In 1914 the buildings south annex was added, though it was essentially gutted during the 1950s and very little of the original 1914 structure remains.</p><br>
<p>When the hotel was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983 it was one of the oldest continuously operated hotels in the state of Illinois. In 1996 the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois listed the Nachusa House on its top-ten most endangered landmarks list. The hotel seemed destined to be demolished in 1997 when the Illinois Housing Development Authority (IHDA) and a Chicago developer stepped in to save the building, not as a hotel, but as affordable housing for senior citizens.</p><br>
<p>The $3.2 million restoration project was paid for, in part, through the federal Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, commonly known as Housing Credits. The program, which dates to 1986, is the primary federal affordable housing resource. The restoration of the building began in 1997, by September there were already names on a waiting list for the 35 apartment units and by 1998 residents were occupying the spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Nachusa Houses main, nearly square, building forms the centerpiece of the present-day structure. The main building is the most historically and architecturally significant portion of Nachusa House. Nachusa Houses main construction occurred in 1853 and 1868. The 1853 portion of the building stands upon the limestone foundation, laid in 1838. It was built as a four story limestone building with 2 foot (.6 m) thick walls and wood framed floor and roof construction; originally the limestone walls were undressed. In 1868 the second period of construction on Nachusa House added the fifth floor, mansard roof, and now removed cupola. These alterations established the image that became iconic of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>After 1868 the building continued to evolve, stucco was added to the stone walls in the 1880s and seventy years later wrought iron grill work was added to the balconies and porches. Galena Avenue was widened in 1965 forcing the removal of the original front stairs which led to the lobby porch.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>As early as 1878-1879 commentators noted the Nachusa House as one of Dixon&#39;s most substantial and eye-catching buildings. The building possesses significance of a social, commercial and architectural nature and was called a "prized landmark" in the 1983 National Register of Historic Places nomination form and the building was added to the National Register on February 10, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, the hotel hosted notable guests including USA Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft, Theodore Roosevelt and President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis. A Lincoln room was established in his honor within the hotel during its later years, the room was furnished much as it was when Lincoln stayed at the hotel. The balcony outside the room was known to be a place where Lincoln would sit and socialize. The room has since been converted into an apartment.</p><br>
<p>Kempstone Hill is a landform in Aberdeenshire, Scotland within the Mounth Range of the Grampian Mountains. The peak elevation of this mountain is 132 metres above mean sea level. This hill has been posited by Gabriel Jacques Surenne, Archibald Watt and C.Michael Hogan as the location for the noted Battle of Mons Graupius between the Romans and the indigenous Caledonians. The major Roman Camp of Raedykes is situated about three kilometres to the west. From Kempstone Hill there are fine views to the North Sea facing east and slightly to the north of Muchalls Castle. There is a UK trigpoint installation on Kempstone Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Kempstone Hill is situated approximately 2.3 kilometers to the north of Stonehaven; surface runoff and drainage from the northern and eastern slopes of Kempstone Hill flow north to the Burn of Muchalls. Surface runoff from the south and west flanks flow to the Burn of Monboys, a very slightly alkaline stream These low pH levels (compared to other area streams) may be caused in part by the peat drainage from the moorland on Meikle Carewe Hill and Curlethney Hill. To the south the terrain falls rather sharply descending to Limpet Burn, which watercourse flows to the North Sea. The riparian woodland along Limpet Burn has been classified as high value habitat by the Aberdeenshire Council.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>Neolithic traces of civilisation appear on the hill in the form of standing stones. Kemp-stane is Scots to describe prehistoric megalithic structures such as these. Kemp-stane Hill was written in the 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farm proposal</h2><br>
<p>Renewable Energy Resources has an application pending before the Aberdeenshire Council to create a windfarm for electrical power generation using Curlethney Hill, Meikle Carewe Hill (hills slightly to the west of Kempstone Hill to install 12 wind turbines. Each turbine would reach a height of 70 metres above grade level, and the entire complex could generate enough power to supply the equivalent of 5000 homes. Environmental concerns over the proposal include noise pollution, visual impact and ecological disturbance.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Lake  is a lake in Ontario, Canada. There are three interconnected lakes  which together are known as Stony or Stoney Lake. Stoney Lake forms the eastern end of the Kawartha lakes region. It is primarily a summer cottage area but there are many permanent residences on the lakes.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Stoney Lake was known to early European settlers as Salmon Trout Lake, but the modern name is fully appropriate. Salmon trout are no longer evident, but islands and shoals are everywhere. Today, Stoney Lake represents the classic Ontario ‘cottage country’, enjoyed by its many seasonal residents, by an increasing number of year-round residents, by boaters using the Trent-Severn Waterway, sport fishermen and many others.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Stony Lake is located in Peterborough County nearly two hours northeast of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The lake, some 20 mi long from Youngs Point, Ontario to the lakes eastern shores, about 234 m above sea level, with a combined surface area of approximately 28 km&sup2, and encompasses over 1,000 islands. Sportfish caught in the lake include smallmouth and largemouth bass, walleye (Pickerel) and muskellunge (Musky). Geologically, the Kawartha lakes are on the boundary between two important land forms.</p><br>
<p>One of its islands, Fairy Lake Island, encloses another small body of water: Fairy Lake. Fairy Lake is surrounded by private property. The water in Fairy Lake rises and falls not with Stoney Lake but with the waters of nearby Lovesick Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Like most lakes in Ontario, Stony Lake was created during and after the last ice age. The lake straddles the border between the Canadian Shield and the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands land forms. The lake is influenced both by the rugged granite of the Canadian Shield to the north, and by the more gentle, heavily forested Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region has been inhabited for thousands of years. Early First Nations settlement is evidenced by a remarkable collection of prehistoric rock carvings to be seen at the east end of Stony Lake in Petroglyphs Provincial Park. On-going historic research argues that Samuel De Champlain traveled through the area&#39;s lakes, rivers and overland portages in the 17th century. The First Nations were joined in the 19th century by European settlers intent on logging and farming. In the mid-19th century logging became a large industry in the Kawarthas and Stony Lake was used as part of the highway for moving logs to the sawmills downriver. The Trent-Severn Canal system was built early in the 20th century, and became the dominant commercial waterway in the region.</p><br>
<p>The American Canoe Association met on Juniper Island in 1883, and development evolved naturally from travellers fishing or hunting from simple lodges. Lengthier camping expeditions on the many islands became common. In the late 19th century and early 20th century many people from Ontario and the bordering USA states bought Crown land and built cottages. These were generally simple, one-story frame structures with few amenities. As well, those early settlers, at Youngs Point, Kawartha Park, McCrackens Landing, Mount Julian and others around the lake, found new sources of income by helping cottagers in many ways: ice cutting, building, guiding, boat repairs and domestic chores. Stony Lake today is principally used for recreational purposes. Some of the large islands include Juniper and Horseshoe island.</p><br>
<h2>In pop culture</h2><br>
<p>The film Cheaper by the Dozen 2 was shot at Mark Kennedy&#39;s property on the lake at Burleigh Falls. A water skiing scene in the movie contains several scenes of the Lake. The 2003 remake of the film The In-laws was shot on Stony Lake. The water ski team from Cypress Gardens, Florida has stayed at the Irwin Inn and practiced on the lake in front of the inn. Canadian rock band Rush, started work on the album Moving Pictures began in August 1980 at Stony Lake, Ontario.</p><br>
<p>The Furness Library, officially known as the Fisher Fine Arts Library, is located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, on the east side of College Green. Designed by the acclaimed Philadelphia architect Frank Furness , the red sandstone, brick-and-terra-cotta Venetian Gothic giant—part fortress and part cathedral—was built to be the primary library of the University, and to house its archeological collection. The cornerstone was laid in October 1888, construction was completed in late 1890, and the building was dedicated in February 1891.</p><br>
<p>Accessed July 20, 2007 Renamed the Furness Building after its architect, the building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The librarys plan is exceptionally innovative: circulation to the buildings five stories is through the tower&#39;s staircase, separated from the reading rooms and stacks.</p><br>
<p>The Main Reading Room is a soaring four-story brick-and-terra-cotta-enclosed space, divided by an arcade from the two-story Rotunda Reading Room. The latter has a basilica plan &ndash; with seminar rooms grouped around an apse (like side-chapels) &ndash; the entire space lighted by clerestory windows. Above the Rotunda Reading Room is a two-story lecture hall, now an architecture studio. The Main Reading Room, with its enormous skylight and wall of south-facing windows, acts as a lightwell, illuminating the surrounding inner rooms through leaded glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The three-story fireproof stacks are housed in a modular iron wing, with a glass roof and glass-block floors to help light the lower levels. It was designed to initially hold 100,000 books &ndash; but also to be continuously expandable, one bay at a time, with a movable south wall. Furness&#39;s perspective drawing highlighted this growth potential by showing a nine-bay stacks, although the initial three-bay stacks were never expanded.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the building are windows inscribed with quotations from Shakespeare, chosen by Horace Howard Furness (Frank&#39;s older brother), a University lecturer and a preeminent American Shakespearean scholar of the 19th century. The architect collaborated with Melvil Dewey, creator of the Dewey Decimal System, and others to make this the most modern American library building of its time.</p><br>
<h2>Rejection</h2><br>
<p>Within a generation, Frank Furnesss exuberant masterwork was considered an embarrassment. The University Museum moved to its own building in 1899. In 1915, the Duhring Wing was built at the south end of the stacks, making their designed expansion impossible. Architect Robert Rodes McGoodwin drew up plans to cloak the entire building in sedate Collegiate Gothic brick and stone. The first step toward this was the 1931 addition of a reading room facing College Green (now the Arthur Ross Gallery) that masked the iron-and-glass stacks. Almost perversely, McGoodwins incongruous Collegiate Gothic addition was dedicated as a memorial to Horace Howard Furness.</p><br>
<p>The building served as the main library of the University of Pennsylvania until the construction of Van Pelt Library in 1962. Today it houses collections related to architecture, landscape architecture, city and regional planning, historic preservation, history of art, and studio arts.</p><br>
<h2>Belated appreciation</h2><br>
<p>In 1957, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin columnist and cartoonist Alfred Bendiner invited Frank Lloyd Wright to tour the Victorian behemoth, then threatened with demolition. The architect proclaimed: "It is the work of an artist."</p><br>
<p>The Furness Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972</p><br>
<p>Between 1986 and 1991, the building was restored by a team that included Venturi, Rauch, Scott Brown & Associates, Inc., CLIO Group, Inc., and Marianna Thomas Architects. On the occasion of its centennial in February 1991, it was rededicated as the "Anne & Jerome Fisher Fine Arts Library" (named for the restoration&#39;s primary benefactors). The $16.5-million restoration garnered rave reviews from New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger, and received national awards from the Victorian Society in America (1991), the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (1992), and the American Institute of Architects (1993).</p><br>
<p>The restored building was featured prominently in the 1993 film Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>In a 2009 appreciation in The Wall Street Journal, architectural historian Michael J. Lewis called it "a cheeky act of architectural impertinence" and "the last of its kind":</p><br>
<p>"Today, the University of Pennsylvania building, now known as the Fisher Fine Arts Library, is widely acknowledged as one of the great creations of 19th-century American culture, and the principal work of its architect, Frank Furness (1839-1912)."</p><br>
<h2>Arthur Ross Gallery</h2><br>
<p>Horace Howard Furnesss collection of Shakespeareana was moved to Van Pelt Library in the 1960s. The former Furness Reading Room was converted into the Arthur Ross Gallery, which houses the Universitys art collection. Opened in 1983, the gallery is named for its benefactor, noted philanthropist Arthur Ross, who started his college studies at the University of Pennsylvania, but later transferred to Columbia University. Admission to the public is free.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Beinn na Caillich , west of Broadford on the isle of Skye, is one of the Red Hills, or Red Cuillin. Its name is translated into English as Hill of the Old Woman. It is often referred to locally simply as The Beinn.</p><br>
<p>The summit is adorned by an especially large cairn, reputedly marking the site where Saucy Mary, a Norwegian princess and former resident of Castle Moil in Kyleakin, is buried. Local lore claims she was laid to rest atop the mountain so that she may forever face the land of her birth. An alternative version of events suggests the monument was dedicated to "a gigantic woman in the days of Fingal". Thomas Pennant climbed the hill while staying with Mackinnon of Corriechatachan (or Corry); Samuel Johnson and James Boswell did not.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On the eastern slopes is Goir a&#39; Bhlàir, "the field of battle". The battle concerned was apparently a decisive action by the Gaelic Clan Mackinnon against the Norsemen</p><br>
<p>In 2004 the mountain was ascended 10 times in a single day by Broadford local Alan Cope. The cumulative distance covered in ten vertical ascents brought the total trekked to just 5000 ft short of scaling the equivalent of Mt Everest (and surpassing that distance if descents are included). Starting at 3.15 am on 15 July he completed 10 ascents and descents of Beinn na Caillich by 7.30 pm. His efforts raised more than £2000 for the action group Broadford 2000, who were seeking to improve leisure facilities in South Skye. For a time his name could be found imprinted in stones on the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott House is a historic residence in the city of Indian Hill in northeastern Hamilton County, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>Natives of Ireland, John and Mary Elliott left Londonderry for the United States in 1784 and soon settled along the Little Miami River in present-day northeastern Hamilton County, it consisted of a simple rectangular floor plan with chimneys on each end. Soon after the original portion was completed, the Elliotts added a wing to the southwestern corner of the original house. Later modifications included enclosure of the rear porch, replacement of the tiny original front porch with a far larger structure, and construction of a hallway to serve the rear addition.</p><br>
<p>Having completed his house, Elliott proceeded to construct an industrial complex on his property. Following the placement of a dam on the Little Miami, he established a gristmill, a distillery, a carding mill for wool, and a sawmill on the property. Using these facilities, Elliott began to engage in business at great distances; many of his products were sold in New Orleans after transportation down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, the property was bought by a family named Sterrett, who occupied it for more than twenty years; after they sold it to Henry Livingston in 1920, he donated it to a Jewish social agency, which maintained a summer camp around the house into the 1960s. In 1967, the village of Indian Hill purchased the land; for many years, it was used as an educational center for schoolchildren, and in 1976, the Elliott House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its place in local history, for it is one of the oldest houses in the Miami Purchase, and also because of its well-preserved historic architecture. Soon afterward, a widescale restoration effort took place: all recent additions were removed, the original elements were restored, and the surrounding property was archaeologically investigated. Finances proved insufficient for more extensive renovations, but the house was in a condition sufficient for occupation, and Indian Hill sold it to private owners in 1985; they have resided there since that time.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott House is one of five sites in Indian Hill that is listed on the National Register, along with the Jefferson Schoolhouse, the Gordon E. Pape House, the Methodist church, and the Washington Heights School.</p><br>
<p>Makemo, Rangi-kemo or Te Paritua, is one of the larger of the Tuamotu atolls in French Polynesia.</p><br>
<p>Makemo Atoll measures 69 km in length and 16.5 km in width, giving it a land area of 56 km². It is the fourth largest atoll of the Tuamotu Archipelago in terms of lagoon surface, with a lagoon of 603 km² in area. Despite its size, Makemo&#39;s lagoon has only two navigable passes.</p><br>
<p>Makemo Atoll has 832 inhabitants; the main village is named Pouheva with a population of 600. The village has a wharf and a boarding school of 150 children from neighbouring islands. It also hosts Makemo Airport, located to the west of Pouheva.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Makemo is the home of legendary Polynesian hero Moeava.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded European to arrive to Makemo Atoll was English pearl merchant John Buyers on the brig Margaret. He arrived at Makemo on 10 March 1803 on the same day he discovered Taenga and named the Makemo Atoll "Phillips Island", after a late sheriff of London, Sir Richard Phillips. In some maps Makemo appears as "Kutusov".</p><br>
<p>Makemo territorial (domestic) airport was opened in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The commune of Makemo consists of the atolls of Makemo, Haraiki, Marutea Nord, Katiu, Tuanake, Hiti, Tepoto Sud, Raroia, Takume, Taenga and Nihiru.</p><br>
<p>Elsinore Arch  is a registered historic structure in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on March 3, 1980. The building, at Gilbert Avenue and Elsinore Place, was constructed in 1883 for the Cincinnati Water Works. It&#39;s said to be inspired by the Elsinore Castle  featured in Hamlet.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, the Cincinnati Water Works wanted to extend its efficient water supply main tunnel (which had remained incomplete for several years) 185 feet to the line at Gilbert Avenue. This efficient main started at the reservoir in Eden Park. To control the flow of water at the base of the steep hill, a valve house was needed. Because the Water Works wanted to enhance the landscape of the park, plus they wanted a structure that would also serve as a new entrance to the park, they felt that the valve house needed to have a special design.</p><br>
<p>That spring, Cincinnati was host to the Shakespearean Dramatic Festival at Music Hall. The highlight of the festival was the performance of "Hamlet" on Friday evening, May 4. The Shakespearean actor James Edward Murdoch played the role of Hamlet. Even at the age of 72, this actor was very popular in Cincinnati, mainly because Cincinnati was his hometown. Although many in the audience felt that Mr. Murdock was too old to play the role of Hamlet, they were highly impressed with the stage sets, especially the opening scene. This particular stage set was a 65-by-65 foot painting of Elsinore Castle (also known as Kronberg Castle), where the moody Denmark prince walked at night and spoke with the ghost of his father. A local artist named Merry painted this stage set. In the audience that night was Water Works Superintendent A.G. Moore. He was so impressed with the painting of Elsinore Castle that that next Monday morning he appeared at the offices of Samuel Hannaford and Sons (famous local architectural firm that designed, among other structures, Music Hall and the City Building) with a newspaper illustration of the Elsinore stage set. What resulted was that Charles B. Hannaford, the son of Samuel, was commissioned to design the valve house in the form of Elsinore Castle. The Elsinore Tower was built later that year for a cost of $15,000.</p><br>
<p>What resulted is the Norman Romanesque Revival mini-castle consisting of a cylindrical castellated tower joined to a smaller square tower by a battlemented archway. Since the Cincinnati Art Museum officially opened in 1886, a flight of Cincinnati steps were placed behind the Elsinore Tower as a short cut to the museum in Eden Park. However, the steps were too steep to ever become popular; and with the ever-increasing prevalence of motorized travel, the Elsinore Tower soon lost its appeal as an entrance to the Park. As of 1988, it was reported that the reservoir valves were housed in a vault underneath the tower and that the Cincinnati Water Works used the Elsinore Tower for equipment storage.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent WCPO-TV building was built with stonework similar to that used in the archs construction. (That same building site was once the home of Cincinnatis Natural History Museum.)</p><br>
<p>The Laughing Whitefish Falls Scenic Site is a waterfall and state park located in Onota Township and Rock River Township, in far western Alger County, Michigan. The waterfall is in the southern part of the site, in Rock River Township, 8 miles  south of Lake Superior near M-94.</p><br>
<p>Laughing Whitefish Falls is formed by an abrupt limestone escarpment of the Laughing Whitefish River, which flows northward into Lake Superior. The falls is located within the Escanaba River State Forest. The escarpment is shaped so as to draw out the cascade into an unusual fan-shaped wall of water.</p><br>
<p>From M-94, a 2.8-mile (4.5 km) drive northward on Dorsey Road and a one-mile (1.5 km) hike from the roadhead are necessary to reach the falls.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church, formerly the Episcopal Church of the Resurrection, is a historic Episcopal church in the Sayler Park neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Designed in the 1870s by master architect Samuel Hannaford, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The community of Fernbank was platted by Charles W. Short in 1875; it was a separate community for more than one-third of a century before annexation into Cincinnati as that citys Sayler Park neighborhood in 1911. Within a year of its establishment, Episcopalians in the community began meeting for worship, using each others homes at first. The situation changed in 1877, as Short and his brother John Cleves Short donated money to erect a church building for the congregation in honor of their deceased parents. An English Gothic-influenced design was chosen, and Samuel Hannaford was hired as the architect. St. Lukes is typical of Hannafords churches from the period, most of which were stone Gothic Revival structures.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>One story tall, St. Luke&#39;s is a simple rectangle in its floor plan, with ends that rise to steep gables. A small bell gable is placed at one end, sitting atop rubble masonry walls, while a large circular window sits under it at the center of the gable. On one side sits an ornate frame-built vestibule with large timbers visible for structural support. These elements, together with the small ogive windows set into the walls, lend the building the appearance of an English country church.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>From its earliest years, the parish was known as the Church of the Resurrection, and it retained this name into the 1970s, although its name has since been changed to that of St. Luke. The parish is subject to the jurisdiction of the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the Church of the Resurrection was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it qualified for inclusion due to its well-preserved historic architecture. One year later, nearly 40 other properties in Cincinnati and other parts of Hamilton County, including 9 other churches, were added to the Register together as part of a multiple property submission of buildings designed by Samuel Hannaford and/or his sons. Although it was already listed on the Register, the Church of the Resurrection was included within the multiple property submission as another significant Hannaford design.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Fay House is a historic residence in the city of Wyoming, Ohio, United States. Erected in the late nineteenth century, it was originally the home of one of the city&#39;s leading educators, and it has been designated a historic site because of its distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Stick-Eastlake style and built of wood on a stone foundation, the Fay House is one of Wyoming&#39;s best Victorian residences from an architectural point of view. Among its most distinctive features is its roofline: it is primarily covered with a hip roof, there are three different gabled sections, one of which is composed of two corbelled chimneys. Exquisite "gingerbread" carvings decorate the many bargeboards, while most of the rest of the house is covered with simple wooden weatherboarding. The house has been expanded since its 1875 construction: two small bays (one on the eastern side, and one on the front) were seemingly added in the 1890s, and a small front porch and a small rear shed were also attached to the house after its completion.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>Good transportation is a leading reason for Wyoming&#39;s prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers. Curves in the road were cut off in 1806, forming a new road that is today followed by Springfield Pike through central Wyoming. Improvements in the 1830s only enhanced its importance. By this time, another mode of transportation had become significant: the Miami and Erie Canal was built a short distance to the east in 1828, and the village of Lockland grew up along its side. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad on the border between Lockland and Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Because of Wyoming&#39;s proximity to the industry of Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati, and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Most such houses were built in the Wyoming Hills area, west of Springfield Pike; growth in this area continued until the coming of the Great Depression. Charles Fay was himself not a businessman; when Wyoming established a school system in 1882, he was appointed the principal, and he remained in this office until 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, a local historic preservation group began a citywide survey to identify Wyoming&#39;s historic buildings, and this effort culminated with a multiple property submission of eighteen houses, the Wyoming Presbyterian Church, and one historic district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Along with all but one of the other properties, the Fay House was listed on the Register in the following year, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of five Reily Road houses included in this group, along with the Luethstrom-Hurin House, the John C. Pollock House, the Louis Sawyer House, and the William Stearns House.</p><br>
<p>The Fenwick Club was a historic building in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, which was constructed to serve a Catholic social organization for unmarried men. Although named a historic site in the 1970s because of its architecture, it is no longer standing.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1915, the Fenwick Club was organized to serve unmarried Catholic men under the age of 40 by providing them with space for cultural and social activities, as well as lodging space. It was named for Edward Fenwick, the first Bishop of Cincinnati and the founder of the Dominicans in the United States. The institution was meant to provide a Catholic alternative to the Young Men&#39;s Christian Association, due to heavy Protestant influence in the YMCA, so it included components similar to a YMCA, including a library, sports facilities, and living space, and it sponsored social events for the residents. The club initially used space at 319 Broadway, and although it soon completed a building on Commercial Square, rapid growth forced the leaders to buy an adjacent lot in order to construct an annex building in 1921, just four years after their first building was constructed. After the building was constructed, a Catholic chapel was built next door: this building, the Chapel of the Holy Spirit, was constructed in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The institution&#39;s primary building was nine stories tall, built of brick with details of stone and terracotta, while the annex was just three stories tall. The structure was also built of brick, resting on a stone foundation and detailed with elements of limestone and iron. The facade included two dormer windows in its steeply pitched front roof. The facade was divided into five bays, topped with miniature gables on the end and middle bays and a dormer in the other two; windows filled all bays except for the central, which included a columned main entrance on the first floor and a small balcony on the second.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Fenwick Club&#39;s annex building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, becoming the seventh downtown building with this distinction; it qualified both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place in local history. Despite its status as a historic site, the building was destroyed in 1979: it sat near Procter & Gamble headquarters, and as the company was looking to expand its office complex, several neighboring buildings were removed. Besides the Fenwick Club, the project resulted in the destruction of Wesley Chapel, Allen Temple AME Church, and the adjacent Catholic chapel. Although destroyed more than thirty years ago, the annex building officially remains on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Field House is a historic residence located along Reading Road in northern Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1880s to be the home of a prosperous local businessman, it features elements of popular late-nineteenth-century architectural styles, and it was produced by one of the city&#39;s leading architects. It has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Walter Field was a Cincinnati-area business executive, holding offices such as the presidency of the American Cotton Oil Company and the Cincinnati Ice Manufacturing and Cold Storage Company. He moved into the house soon after its completion in 1884. As the architect for his new residence, Field chose Samuel Hannaford, an English-born architect whose design of the Cincinnati Music Hall had catapulted him into local prestige in the 1870s. Many of Hannafords surviving houses in Cincinnati are masonry structures, including several built in the mid-1880s, but the Field House is a frame structure. Built at the end of Hannafords Victorian phase, the Field House includes various Victorian elements, such as the shingles and decorative details characteristic of the Eastlake Movement, but the rest of the house is more heavily in the Shingle Style. Its plan is asymmetrical, featuring components such as a multi-gabled roof, a pavilion with large porch across the front, and an eight-sided gazebo on the southern end of the facade. Decorated with a heavily spindled section in the place of the frieze, the porch and gazebo dominate the appearance of the two-and-a-half-story building. Other components, such as a turret on the northern side, are less easily observed from the street.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Field House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture; it was added to the Register as part of a multiple property submission of dozens of Cincinnati buildings designed by Samuel Hannaford. The building is no longer a house; by the time it was added to the Register, an addition had been constructed, and the interior had been chopped up to form twenty-four studio apartments.</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian Church is a historic congregation of the Unitarian Universalist Association in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Founded in the early nineteenth century, it survived a series of division and reunifications in the nineteenth century. Among the people who have worshipped in its historic church building on the city&#39;s northern side are many members of the Taft family, including William Howard Taft, the President of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1828, a Unitarian minister from Boston visited Cincinnati for approximately five weeks. Upon his return to New England, John Pierpont proclaimed to his compatriots the attractive features of Cincinnati, and within two years a Unitarian congregation was founded in the city. Located at the intersection of Fourth and Race Streets downtown, their first church building was dedicated on May 23, 1830; it was later replaced by a building at the nearby intersection of Eighth and Plum Streets. In its first year, the church was led by a succession of young ministers; although these early pastors were among the most prominent of the denominations young ministers, many of these men typically left the pastorate at unusually young ages due to failing health. As a result, the congregation was frequently left without a preacher and forced to look to New England for new ministers. Among these men was William Henry Channing, who served the congregation from 1839 to 1844. Following Channing was the former lawyer James H. Perkins, who drowned in 1849; during his five years of ministry, he engaged the congregation in a range of social justice purposes, such as prison reforms and welfare for the poor. Controversy arose in the 1850s: questions of abolitionism were tense in a city located so close to the slave state of Kentucky, and theological differences over the existence of miracles caused the church to split into two. These tensions were resolved in the 1870s: both congregations had come to reject the existence of miracles, and the Thirteenth Amendment had ended slavery throughout the United States. Under the ministry of George Thayer, which began in 1882, the congregation was faced with widespread movement of members from downtown to the citys northern edges; as a result, the present building was erected along Reading Road, 2 mi northeast of the former site.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1880s, the congregation arranged for the construction of a new church building along Reading Road. This new building was erected in 1889, with random blocks of ashlar being employed for the churchs exterior. Architect James C. McLaughlin introduced many Richardsonian Romanesque elements into the churchs design, such as rounded arch windows, structural elements that visually divide the structure into two parts, and random ashlar walls. Among the most distinctive elements of the building&#39;s design is the large rose window on its northern side; designed by Tiffany craftsman Frederick Wilson, it centers on a large image of a personification of Truth. McLaughlin employed primarily stone in the construction of the building: the foundation is built of sandstone, while the walls and some other elements are built of other types of stone.</p><br>
<p>For many years immediately prior to the construction of the new building, the congregation had been declining because many of its members moved away from its previous location; by relocating to a site in a growing neighborhood that was easily reached by public transportation, the leaders hoped to increase its accessibility. McLaughlin&#39;s design included such features as a tile roof, massive golden stained glass windows, and two fireplaces in the sanctuary. The sanctuary itself is a square measuring 56 ft on each side; at the time of construction, it was capable of seating approximately three hundred worshippers. A large platform underneath the rose window served as the location for the organ and the hand-carven oak pulpit.</p><br>
<h2>Taft family</h2><br>
<p>Among the leading members of First Unitarian Church were Alphonso and Louise Taft and their children. For many years, Alphonso served as one of the churchs trustees, sitting as the chairman of the board of trustees for a period of time. He was often absent from the church in his later years, due to his many responsibilities as the United States Attorney General and Secretary of War. From his youth, Alphonso and Louises son William Howard was an active member of the congregation, taking part in many youth activities; decades later, when he was running for president, the congregations minister remembered his part as a fairy in a play organized by the congregations Unity Club. Although his attendance also became less frequent as his governmental responsibilities increased, his influence in the congregation endured, as evidenced by the removal of the congregations pacifistic minister in a popular wave sparked by Tafts public support for American involvement in World War I.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, First Unitarian Churchs church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name of "First Unitarian-Congregational Church," qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Starting two years later, many of the churchs members united with musician Richard Waller to help form the Linton Chamber Music Series, a partnership with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.</p><br>
<p>Today, the church is an active part of the Unitarian Universalist Association; its present minister is Sharon Dittmar, who began serving the congregation in 1998.</p><br>
<p>First Universalist Church is a registered historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on March 3, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>This church incorporated as City Temple—First Universalist Church was the result of a merger between the "First Universalist Church of Cincinnati" and the "New Thought Temple". It was located on Essex Place in the Walnut Hills section of Cincinnati. The church has stained glass windows dedicated to early Cincinnatians such as the poets Alice Cary and Phoebe Cary. The tower was at some point capped with a conical steeple-like roof and topped with a stone cross. There was an ink drawing of it published in the Cincinnati Enquirer by Carolyn Williams. In the drawing that roof is shown.</p><br>
<p>The founder of the New Thought Temple was Dr. Harry Grannison Hall, he and his followers found a home in the Universalist Church and eventually blended into that organization. The church later moved its location and changed its name to Heritage Unitarian Universalist Church.</p><br>
<p>The Abraham J. Friedlander House is a historic residence in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Erected in 1830, although brick is employed in some of the walls, both the foundation and the walls are predominantly sandstone. At the time of its construction, the house was used as a multi-person home; its residents were multiple tradesmen in the house&#39;s early years. Among its uses since that time has been that of a law office.</p><br>
<p>Many elements of the house betray a heavy Greek Revival influence; notable among them are the front entrance, which features a transom above the door and sidelights on either side. The overall theme of the house demonstrates that the architect, whose name is unknown, was influenced by leading period architect Minard Lafever, who wrote extensively on the various forms of Classical Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Friedlander House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due both to its well-preserved historic architecture and to its connection with Friedlander himself. One year later, a short segment of Ninth Street was designated the Ninth Street Historic District and added to the National Register; the Friedlander House was named one of the district&#39;s contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Fulton-Presbyterian Cemetery is a registered historic site in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on August 24, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Cemetery. This is actually three adjacent but distinct cemeteries: Presbyterian Cemetery, Fulton Cemetery and Fulton Mechanick&#39;s Cemetery. The Presbytery of Cincinnati was awarded title to the Presbyterian Cemetery in 1970 by local courts in response to a suit for quiet title. The Court also charged the Presbytery with "use and care" of the two Fultons, but the Presbytery does not own the Fultons. Recorded deeds indicate the Fultons would be owned by the descendants of the original plot owners. The Presbyterian Cemetery dates to 1794 and is the final resting place of at least six Revolutionary War veterans, allegedly including Sgt. Willam Brown, the first man to receive a Purple Heart from George Washington. Brown was active in the area, although his headstone has not been found and confirming documentation does not exist. These cemeteries were severely vandalized and used as dumps since around 1900.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, Bart Rosenberg initiated a cleanup, preservation and restoration project which continues into 2012. The GPS coordinates given are within 25&#39; of the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen A. Gerrard Mansion is a historic residence in the North Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Constructed for a self-made grocery magnate, the Tudor Revival mansion has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Born in 1860 in the Cincinnati-area community of Cherry Grove, Stephen Gerrard supported himself in his youth as a street peddler, but ultimately made himself wealthy by taking advantage of refrigerated rail cars to transport cantaloupes nationwide, selling them far more widely than was otherwise possible. His sales of Colorado melons throughout the countrys central and eastern regions enriched Gerrard, gaining him the nickname of "Cantaloupe King", and enabling him to build the present house in 1915 as well as constructing a grand mausoleum in the same section of Spring Grove Cemetery as other prominent local businessmen. Its location in North Avondale, a gaslight neighborhood, made Gerrard a neighbor to some of Cincinnatis economic élites. However, his fortune was destroyed by the Great Depression, and he died in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Built of limestone with a limestone foundation, the Tudor Revival house is covered with a slate roof. Two and a half stories tall, the house features an irregular plan, with battlement-topped bay windows in assorted gables, tall chimneys, and a porte-cochère sheltering the main entrance. The windows are sheltered by hoodmolds, and the upper and lower sections of the facade are separated by a stone belt course. Decorative elements in the upper part of the house include a pair of gargoyles atop the roof and the ornamental chimney pots atop the chimneys. Extensive wooden panelling beautifies the interiors, which feature ornamental ceilings and marble fireplaces. Upon its completion, the house possessed its own pipe organ, made by W.W. Kimball of Chicago. The entire house has an area of 5,400 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>In late 1987, the Gerrard mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Another house with the same designation, the older Richard H. Mitchell House, lies just a few minutes&#39; walk away.</p><br>
<p>Plura is a river in the municipality of Rana in Nordland county, Norway. The river begins at the lake Kallvatnet, flows through the Plurdalen valley, and ends up as a tributary to the river Ranelva, about 10 km north of the town of Mo i Rana. The river is rich with salmon, trout, and Arctic char. The name comes from the Norwegian verb "prula" which means "boiling" or "seething".</p><br>
<p>The Plura river flows both over and beneath the ground, and it has the longest subterranean flow in Norway at 3.8 km. Until 1964, Plura was a large river, washing limestone out of the mountain, creating several caves/tunnels down through the Plurdalen valley. Through the Pluragrotta cave, about 20,000 m&sup3; of water passed each minute. The Kallvatnet dam made the river Plura almost dry, and the water in Pluragrotta cave became standing still like in a water seal.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Port de Larrau   is a mountain pass on the France – Spain border in the western Pyrenees between the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France and Navarre, Spain. The climb from the French side was used in the 2007 Tour de France.</p><br>
<p>The true summit of the pass is at 1,585 m and is near the Pic d’Orhi (2,017 m), the most westerly mountain over 2000m in the Pyrenees. In the Basque language the pass is known as Uthurzehetako Lepoua.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>The pass is situated south east of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. Starting from Auberge de Laugibar (north east), the Port de Larrau is 15.3 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1,205 m (an average of 7.9%) with long sections at over 10% and the maximum gradient of 13% near the summit. Between the village of Larrau and the summit the climb passes over the Col d’Erroymendi at 1,362 m.</p><br>
<p>Starting from Ochagavía (Navarre, Spain), the Puerto de Larrau is 19.3 km long with a 100 m. tunnel near the summit. Over this distance, the climb is 815 m (an average of 4.2%) with a maximum of 8%.</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The climb first appeared in the Tour de France in 1996, when it became the final Tour de France climb to be ridden by five-times race winner Miguel Indurain, who lost out heavily here.</p><br>
<p>The climb from the south featured in the 2007 Tour de France on the 218.5 km stage 16 from Orthez to Gourette Col d&#39;Aubisque. This was probably the hardest climb in the 2007 Tour, sustaining almost the same gradient as the Col de Menté, but twice as long.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The E.V. Haughwout Building is a five-story, 79-foot  tall, commercial loft building in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, at the corner of Broome Street and Broadway. Built in 1857 to a design by John P. Gaynor, with cast-iron facades for two street-fronts provided by Daniel D. Badgers Architectural Iron Works, and which attracted many wealthy clients &ndash; including Mary Todd Lincoln, who had new official White House china made there. It was also the location of the worlds first successful passenger elevator.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Architecturally, the building is fairly typical of the period, with cast-iron facings in an arcaded system with two orders of columns that was derived from the Sansovino Library in Venice.</p><br>
<h2>World's first elevator</h2><br>
<p>In one other respect, the Haughwout Building was a trailblazing project: the building installed the world&#39;s first successful passenger elevator on March 23, 1857, a hydraulic lift designed for the building by Elisha Graves Otis. It cost $300, had a speed of.67 ft/s, and was powered by a steam-engine installed in the basement. Although the five-story structure was no taller than other buildings of the time, and did not actually require an elevator, Haughwout knew that people would come to see the new novelty, and stay to buy merchandise. The elevator has since been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status</h2><br>
<p>The building was in danger of being razed for Robert Moses&#39; planned Lower Manhattan Expressway, which was proposed in 1941 and not finally defeated until 1969. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1965, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Its facade was restored, and the columns re-painted to their original "Turkish drab" color, in 1995, under the supervision of Joseph Pell Lombardi.</p><br>
<p>Grumblethorpe, in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the home of the Wister family.</p><br>
<p>With its strong stone and oak facade, Grumblethorpe was known as "John Wister&#39;s Big House." It is also a charming house, with lower-ceilinged rooms than those at Cliveden, Loudoun, or Stenton.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a summer residence in 1744 by Philadelphia merchant and wine importer John Wister. It eventually became the family&#39;s year-round residence when they withdrew from the city during the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793. The stones for the house were quarried on the property and the joists were hewn from oaks in Wister Woods, also owned by the family. The original section of the Grumblethorpe Tenant House was built as a dependency.</p><br>
<p>In September 1777, the house was the scene of events in the Battle of Germantown. While the Wisters were staying in another home, British General James Agnew occupied the house as his headquarters during the battle. He was wounded and died in the front parlor, where his blood stains can still be seen on the floor.</p><br>
<p>The Wister family lived in the house for over 160 years. Diarist Sally Wister (John&#39;s granddaughter) lived here from 1789 until her death in 1804. The house, which has been restored and refurnished to match the original period, now serves as a museum. The historic gardens are also being restored.</p><br>
<p>Grumblethorpe was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is a contributing property of the Colonial Germantown Historic District, which has been designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Gilbert Row is a group of historic rowhouses in the southern part of the Walnut Hills neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Composed of six individual small houses and a more substantial structure designed as a commercial building, the row was built by the real estate firm of Thomas Emerys Sons according to a design by the Steinkamp Brothers architectural firm. Built in 1889, the complex became a model for many residential complexes constructed by Thomas Emerys Sons during the 1890s, including multiple apartment-style properties in Walnut Hills.</p><br>
<p>Buildings in the Gilbert Row are generally constructed on foundations of stone; their walls are built of brick or iron, and they feature other elements of brick and stone. Most buildings in the group do not feature iron: it is only present in the cast iron front of the building constructed as a store. Typical houses in the row feature porches with hip roofs, wooden posts with chamfered and reeded details, lattice-shaped valences, and ornamental brackets. Setting the complex apart from almost all other groups of rowhouses in the city is its general architectural style: it is a clear example of the Queen Anne style of architecture, which was rarely employed in the construction of rowhouses in Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>In May 1982, the Gilbert Row was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it qualified for inclusion because of its well preserved and historically significant architecture, which was seen as important throughout the local area. Little more than a year later, a portion of southern Walnut Hills bounded by Morris, Gilbert, and Sinton Avenues was designated a historic district, the Gilbert-Sinton Historic District, and listed on the National Register, and the buildings of the Gilbert Row were among the district&#39;s contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Glencoe-Auburn Hotel and Glencoe-Auburn Place Row Houses is a registered historic district in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 2003. It contains 54 contributing buildings. The complex was originally constructed between 1884 and 1891, by a Jethro Mitchell.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The exact date of construction of the Glencoe Complex is disputed amongst sources. Hamilton County tax records list the buildings as being constructed between 1870 and 1875, although the application for historic status lists the years 1884 to 1891 as the dates of construction. 1891 is also the first year the buildings are shown on a Sanborn Fire Insurance Map.</p><br>
<p>The architect of the building is unknown, however the builders/developers are often listed as being either Truman B. Handy or Jethro Mitchell. Both were prominent figures of the time, and Mitchell was Handy’s son in law (having married his daughter despite being 42 years older). Jethro Mitchell can be inferred as the official builder, for Handy died in a carriage accident in 1884. Handy and Mitchell both spent time working with famous Cincinnati, Ohio architect James W. McLaughlin, so it is possible that he may have had a hand in the design of the complex.</p><br>
<p>Despite the outward appearance of the facade, the buildings are divided up into single story apartments rather than walkup row houses. It is for this reason, along with early accounts and descriptions of the hotel, that the complex was, and has been intended to be housing for the poor.</p><br>
<h2>Rehabilitation</h2><br>
<p>The first rent strike to occur in the city of Cincinnati took place at the Glencoe complex.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, however, the site fell into disrepair and poverty, and once again became known for its drugs and crime rather than its redevelopment success. When area developer Pauline Van der Haer of Dorian Development purchased the property in 2004, the buildings had been vacant and boarded up for two years.</p><br>
<p>A demolition permit was filed on December 20, 2012 and was issued on March 13, 2013. Demolition began five days later.</p><br>
<p>The Moses Goldsmith Building is a historic residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built in 1900,</p><br>
<p>A brick house with elements of sandstone and limestone, the Goldsmith Building has been ranked as a fine example of Renaissance Revival architecture. Distinctive elements of its design include prominent string courses and molding courses, plus a large loggia.</p><br>
<p>The Goldsmith Building was erected in the Clifton neighborhood at a time when that neighborhood was expanding greatly. Large numbers of prosperous members of Cincinnati society built grand homes in the neighborhood, making it a highly distinctive portion of the city. The house did not long stay in the Goldsmith family; Moses died within a few years of its construction, and his heirs sold the property in 1912. After Goldsmith&#39;s time, it was converted from a single-family residence to a multi-family residence. In 1982, the Goldsmith Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its historically significant architecture; key to this designation was its loggia, which is almost unknown in Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>The Goodall Building is a historic commercial building in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Located on Ninth Street in the northwestern portion of the citys downtown, it was designed by George W. Rapp and erected in 1893. The buildings walls are constructed primarily of brick and sandstone, although elements of iron and of other kinds of stone are also manifested on the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The buildings first owner, William Goodall, was a dealer of stone objects, selling blocks of granite and marble for various purposes. Both before and after arranging for the present structures construction with Rapp, a leading city architect, he occupied premises nearby. Rather than using his new structure for his own business, he rented it to others; among his tenants were banks and various corporate offices.</p><br>
<p>The Goodall Building is distinguished from surrounding structures by its many Second Renaissance Revival architectural elements. Such stone details as prominent columns and pilasters, a cornice with many articulations, and large blocks of sandstone, combined with the buildings oriel windows, have led architectural historians to see it as one of Cincinnatis best examples of commercial Second Renaissance Revival architecture. In recognition of its well-preserved historic architecture, the Goodall Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in early 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Sir Alfred T. Goshorn House is a historic residence in the Clifton neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Designed by a leading Cincinnati architect for an internationally prominent businessman, the stone house was named a historic site in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Goshorn</h2><br>
<p>Alfred T. Goshorn was a Cincinnati businessman who headed a firm producing white lead. A native of the city, he was a pioneer in the newly emerging game of base ball, becoming president of the country&#39;s first professional squad, the Cincinnati Red Stockings. However, his greatest significance was that of organizing a series of industrial exhibitions, beginning with an 1870 show in Cincinnati that continued into the 1880s. By the middle of the decade, he was sufficiently well regarded to be chosen as the director-general for the Centennial Exposition of 1876. For his handling of the exposition, nine different European nations granted him honors, including a British knighthood from Queen Victoria. Goshorn and his family moved into the present house in 1888,</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Goshorns house is a stone building with a tile roof and additional elements of metal. Three stories tall, the house has an irregular plan: a gambrel roof covers the center of the building, while the rear parlor was originally one story tall with a flatter roof, and the other end possesses a turret-shaped oriel and an enclosed porch. The second story of the rear section is a McLaughlin-designed art gallery added in 1899, a significant modification that required a complete reconstruction of the parlors lighting: skylights had originally supplied all light, similar to those of a room at a nearby house, Scarlet Oaks, and the octagonal addition with its new spiral stair required additional lighting. The style is Richardsonian Romanesque, similar to another McLaughlin house nearby, the John Uri Lloyd House; both buildings include radical new components, such as disjointed sections without the smooth transitions favored both by style namesake Henry Hobson Richardson and by McLaughlin&#39;s local contemporary Samuel Hannaford.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1973, the Goshorn House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of numerous such sites on Clifton Avenue; several city blocks were designated the Clifton Avenue Historic District in 1978, and both the Clifton Methodist Episcopal Church and the Probasco Fountain are located within a quarter mile to the south and north, respectively.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael and All Angels Episcopal Church, formerly known as Grace Church, is an historic church in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the only church in the North Avondale neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On September 16, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Four of the original stained glass windows carry the signature Tiffany Studios, New York City, but were sold to The to fund renovations on the main sanctuary in 2010.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Church was closed on Easter Sunday 2008.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses Gabriel&#39;s Place, which intends “to provide a safe, beautiful, and spiritually nourishing place for the Avondale Community to gather in mutual respect to learn, interact, and go out in peace." It was dedicated in 2011. Events such as free meals and gardening classes are held there.</p><br>
<p>The Tall Ziraa   is an archaeological tell in Jordan. Surveys and geophysical investigations showed the site&#39;s great potential for excavations.</p><br>
<p>Tall Zira´a contains evidence of over 5000 years of settlement – almost without cultural gaps, at the point at which the Syrian cultural sphere meets the Palestinian. Its almost continuous stratigraphy from Early Bronze Age to the Islamic periods can possibly demonstrate the history of northeast Jordan.</p><br>
<h2>The Tall</h2><br>
<p>Tall Ziraa is a large hill some 4.5 km south-west of the ancient Decapolis city of Gadara in northern Jordan. It is situated at the confluence of the Wadi el-Arab and its tributary, the Wadi az-Zahar. The tall (-17 m NN) rises about 25 m above the surrounding area. The settlements were built on top of a natural limestone hill, which has a dimension of about 240 m in diameter at its base. The plateau measures 160 m in diameter. The cultural layers are between 12 m and 15 m thick.</p><br>
<p>An artesian well is located in the centre of the hill, which used to provide water in abundance, but dried up rapidly in the last years due to excessive pumping by the owners of the surrounding olive tree plantations. The hill is protected by sheer rock faces on its east and north sides. The south flank of the tall offers the best opportunity to overcome the 22–25 m difference in altitude comfortably via a 150 m long, ascending track from west to east.</p><br>
<p>One terrace is located on the western, the other on the northern base of the tall. Both areas were protected by deep truncations into the Wadi el-&#39;Arab. They served as lower cities near the wadi. However, the north terrace was recently bulldozed for a new olive orchard, and the archaeological remains have thus been seriously disturbed.</p><br>
<h2>Special Importance</h2><br>
<p>In the Wadi el-Arab, one can find traces of human activities and settlement places from all periods, dating back to the Paleolithic. Tall Ziraa – the most important site in this area – was used for settlement from the Early Bronze Age up to 1900 CE. It contains evidence of over 5000 years of continuous settlement – almost without large cultural gaps. It means it is possible to observe not only all the different cultural periods in one place, but also the transitions between them.</p><br>
<p>When Gadara rose to prominence, the tall temporarily stopped being the most important settlement in the region. At the end of the 7th century, however, Gadara declined and the tall became the central settlement once again.</p><br>
<p>Its importance stems from three facts:</p><br>
<p>First, its position in an area of fertile soil and surrounded by two freshwater-bearing wadis (Wadi el-&#39;Arab and Wadi az-Zahar).</p><br>
<p>Second, there is an active freshwater artesian spring on top of the tall. It has been a beneficial and wondrous phenomenon, and a very important factor from a strategic point of view.</p><br>
<p>Third, the talls strategic position along an ancient and highly important trade route. The ascent from 290 metres below sea level in the Jordan Valley to the Irbid-Ramtha-area at c. 560 metres above sea level, can be surmounted via the Wadi el-Arab without steep or narrow passages. This makes the Wadi el-&#39;Arab an ideal route, connecting the trade routes along the Mediterranean via the Jordan valley with Transjordan and, further to the north-east, with Damascus and Mesopotamia. Just as important is the shortcut via Hauran to the east and the centre of Mesopotamia, used since the 5th millennium B.C.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, Gottlieb Schumacher surveyed the Wadi el-Arab and mentioned Tall Ziraa. Nelson Glueck visited the Tall Ziraa in 1942. In March 1978, a two-day archaeological rescue investigation was initiated by the Department of Antiquities into the course of the Wadi el-Arab dam project. In September 1983, this was followed up by a brief archaeological survey supervised by J. W. Hanbury-Tenison in the Wadi el-&#39;Arab.</p><br>
<p>The 2000s excavations are part of the “Gadara Region Project” – an interdisciplinary study of the regional history of Gadara. The long-term archaeological project (2001–2015) investigates the Wadi el-Arab region, which extends over 25 km&sup2;. In August 2001, a survey on Tall Ziraa (5.88 hectare) and in its surroundings was conducted by the Biblical Archaeological Institute Wuppertal, directed by Dieter Vieweger. In September 2003, he started the first excavation campaign. Since 2004, the project has continued with two campaigns a year as a co-operative project of the Biblical Archaeological Institute Wuppertal and the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman (since 2006 also Jerusalem), directed by Vieweger and Jutta Häser.</p><br>
<h3>Areas I-III (2003-2008)</h3><br>
<p>Area I</p><br>
<p>Natural settings and geophysical investigations showed that the west slope of the tall was a promising site to rapidly expose the stratigraphy of the tall. Accordingly, Area I was opened in 2003 and enlarged in spring 2008 to 1,100 sqm. In all of the area excavated, a depth of 4.5 m of the proposed 12 m of cultural layers is reached. The youngest Late Bronze Age Level is completely uncovered.</p><br>
<p>Area II</p><br>
<p>A second area was opened in spring 2006. It is located on one of the highest points of the plateau and is protected by a steep slope to the north. This prominent position is the most outstanding location on the tall. It was chosen because of its potential for yielding administrative and/or cultic buildings. The area was enlarged in spring 2008 to 825 sqm. Up to now a large Roman-Byzantine Dwelling Complex with several building phases was exposed.</p><br>
<p>Area III</p><br>
<p>The third excavation area was prepared for test excavation in the south of the tall in 2007. There is a Roman-Byzantine villa rustica (in an oriental version) expected. In a test trench (5 m x 1 m) excavated in 2007, a paved floor of the Roman Villa with a door way, a door hinge stone (out of context) and a water collecting basin near the door way (in situ) came to light. A large cistern (11 m x 6 m x 5.75 m) accessible through a hole in the roof, has already been explored in 2001. Its inner surface is covered by an eight centimetre thick plaster lining.</p><br>
<h3>Summary of the results until spring 2008</h3><br>
<p>Early Bronze Age</p><br>
<p>City wall, Test trench on the western slope</p><br>
<p>Middle Bronze Age</p><br>
<p>At least two strata, habitation, test trench on the western slope</p><br>
<p>Late Bronze Age</p><br>
<p>At least three strata</p><br>
<p>Middle stratum,</p><br>
<p>City wall, water channel - Excavation</p><br>
<p>Latest stratum 1450–1300 BCE (C14 dated)</p><br>
<p>Casemate wall, tower with sanctuary, gate, water channels, three residential buildings, two monumental representative building with a hoard of 23+5 cylinder seals, silver pendant, scarabs, beads etc. - Excavation</p><br>
<p>Iron I 12th–11th century BCE (C14 dated)</p><br>
<p>Two large buildings (a "four room house" and a courtyard house) and agricultural activities (silos, huts, stables) - Excavation</p><br>
<p>Iron II 10th–8th century BCE (C14 dated)</p><br>
<p>Fortified city, “zigzag wall”, buildings in an agglomerated system, workshops - Excavation</p><br>
<p>Late Hellenistic-Early Roman</p><br>
<p>Pits - Excavation</p><br>
<p>Roman-Byzantine(-Umayyad) 1st–7th century CE</p><br>
<p>Large, densely inhabited site; Villa rustica; (later) also fortified - Excavation</p><br>
<p>Middle Islamic</p><br>
<p>Some houses and agricultural activities-Survey</p><br>
<p>Late Islamic</p><br>
<p>Some houses and agricultural activities-Survey</p><br>
<p>Ottoman</p><br>
<p>Some houses and agricultural activities-Report of Schumacher</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>The survey of the tall showed a high concentration of Early Bronze Age pottery in Area I. However, only the outer layer of a massive 2.2 m high Early Bronze Age fortification wall could be excavated in the step trench beyond the Late Bronze Age city wall.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>So far, the remains of two Middle Bronze Age strata with residential buildings have been uncovered in the same part of Area I, 2 m below the Late Bronze Age casemate wall. Currently it is not possible to say anything definite about the Middle Bronze Age culture before the still unexcavated Late Bronze Age level and further strata have been excavated. It is a unique case in northern Jordan that we have the opportunity to observe the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age culture.</p><br>
<h3>Late Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>In the Late Bronze Age (14th–13th century BCE), at least three settlements existed on the tall. For the time being, only the latest Late Bronze Age stratum could be exposed. Several observations indicate that the tall was the centre of a Late Bronze Age city state: The strong fortifications, the massive architecture, the high percentage (5%) of imported pottery from Cyprus and Greece as well as the numerous noteworthy single finds. The most remarkable building of this stratum is the massive casemate wall which fortified the settlement at the north-west flank. A charcoal sample from the collapsed walls gave a radio-carbon date between 1450 and 1300 BCE with 95.4% probability. Six rooms in the case-mate wall could be excavated. Three drainage channels from the residential area end in one of the casemates – originally covered with flat stone slabs. At this point, the water flowed into a semicircular basin from where it drained into a deep, almost circular shaft lined with undressed stones. The three channels substitute an older channel from the middle Late Bronze Age stratum which was covered by the casemates of the city wall of the younger Late Bronze Age stratum. South of the casemate wall a large tower was uncovered. This inward-built tower was divided into two rooms paved with small pebbles. The northern room was connected to the southern part of the casemate wall. It was probably used by the guard. In a later building phase, the southern room was divided by a small wall with two column bases. They probably originally supported wooden columns to carry the roof. A large stone – worked on its base and tapered at the top – found in this room might be a mazzebe (cultic stone). This find and the special layout of the room point to it serving as a small gate sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>In the spring campaign of 2006, the first domestic structures were found inside the casemate wall. Unlike their Iron Age counterparts, these houses have sizable ground plans. The width of their walls suggests that they possessed a number of floors. To date, three courtyard houses and parts of another two very monumental elaborate buildings north and south of the area have been excavated. On the floor of the monumental building in the north of area I, in an area of one and a half meters by one and a half meters, twenty-three cylinder seals of varying quality and image type were found (in the surroundings five others). It would seem that the seals, together with a silver pendant decorated with a standing figure (5.8 x 3.4 centimeters), a large scarab amulet (3.7 x 2.4 x 1.4 centimeters) and dozens of beads, fell to the ground from a higher surface (a table, cupboard or shelf) during the destruction of the house and were left scattered over the floor.</p><br>
<p>The wealth of the city and its wide-reaching trade links are reflected in the manifold finds of this period (scarabs, terracotta figurines, outstanding bronze objects, a calcite vessel carved with figures of birds, imported faience wares from Egypt include vessels with papyrus images and rings with seals, imported pottery from Cyprus and Mycenaean Greece).</p><br>
<h3>Iron Age I</h3><br>
<p>The Iron Age I (12th–11th century BCE) settlement displays a very clear change of culture. There are no fortifications for this period. It is obvious that the inhabitants of the Early Iron Age did not create their own settlement pattern, but used the walls of their Late Bronze Age predecessors.</p><br>
<p>The architecture is very distinctive. On the one hand, the inhabitants of the tall dug several large pits for grain storage, built small walls for stables with some installations and joined simple huts to older walls. On the other hand, an exceptionally large oven made of mud was found in the centre of the area. In addition, there is one larger building with carefully constructed walls, made of two or more rows of undressed stones. Its entrance was paved with stones. Larger areas have to be uncovered before the assumption can be confirmed that this building was either used for administrative purposes or as a residential building for a high-ranking person. And also in the north, a large four room house has been explored in 2008. Two charcoal samples give a radiocarbon dating for this stratum of 1220 to 970 BCE and 1270 to 1040 BCE with 95.4% probability.</p><br>
<h3>Iron Age - or: Biblical Time</h3><br>
<p>During the Iron Age, Tall Zira&#39;a belonged to the so-called “villages of Jair” (Num 32,39–42; Dtn 3,13–15; Jos 13,29–31; Jdc 10,3–5; 1 kg 4,13; 1 Chr 2,21–23 ) like Ramoth in Gilead and Kamon. They are located in north Gilead, i.e., between the mountains of Ajlun and the Yarmuk River in Transjordan.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the Iron Age IIA/B stratum (10th–8th century BCE) suggests that the tall’s population increased in this period and that the settlement developed an urban character. Even though the fortifications are not as strong as those of the Late Bronze Age, the Iron Age II settlement was protected by a city wall. Various modifications to the houses were made so that two building phases (an early and a late one) can be distinguished. Until now, building remains of the Iron Age II settlement give the impression that the architecture was densely agglomerated. There are not only residential buildings but public buildings as well. The outer walls of the houses are connected to the zigzag-like settlement wall.</p><br>
<p>There are several exposed areas that show that the Iron Age houses were separated from one another by a double wall so that the boundaries of buildings and property are clearly visible.</p><br>
<p>Three houses and a public area from the earlier phase of Iron Age II have been exposed.</p><br>
<p>One of these houses had a workshop area consisting of four longitudinal rooms/courtyards. They yielded interesting finds: a metal furnace with a crucible still in situ in the south-eastern room, and a well-constructed fireplace and work surface in the north-eastern room. In the south-western room a tabun (oven) was discovered, and the north-western part contained some clay loom weights and four more ovens. It is possible that they were used simultaneously. Close to a paved courtyard and another room with three, high column bases made of field stones a large storage vessel and a cultic stone (mazzebe) were found in situ. A radiocarbon sample gave a dating between 1270 and 980 BCE with 95.4% probability.</p><br>
<p>The building layout of the later phase of Iron Age II is characterised by an obvious rearrangement of the houses, though not the city wall. In the public area the depot for oil pithoi of the older phase had apparently been closed and the large storage pits changed into a paved courtyard with a massive working stone. A radiocarbon sample from this layer gave a dating between 1120 and 900 BCE with 95.4% probability.</p><br>
<p>In the northern and the southern squares, the architecture is densely agglomerated. At least four houses have been identified so far. One of them can be identified as a workshop. It was furnished with a bench along the wall and a large cylindrical, very carefully cut limestone workbench (60 cm in diameter). Very close to this stone, a semi-circular stone basin, two ‘industry pots’, a spindle whorl, and an egg-shaped tool of clay were found on the ashy floor.</p><br>
<h3>Late Hellenistic-Early Roman period</h3><br>
<p>During the Hellenistic-Early Roman period (4th century BCE–1st century CE) Area I was used but not inhabited. It was predominantly utilized for waste disposal facilities. Three large pits had also been dug and carefully lined out with stones for the storage of grain.</p><br>
<h3>Roman-Byzantine period</h3><br>
<p>The Roman-Byzantine period (2nd–7th century CE) is the uppermost stratum in Area I. Five houses of the Roman-Byzantine period can be distinguished, some of them with elaborate room arrangements. A stone-paved street following the contour line of the slope divided the buildings into a western and an eastern section.</p><br>
<p>A thick wall of dressed stones constructed with stretchers and headers, which is visible halfway down the slope to the east of the tall, suggests that the settlement was fortified. In fact, it is possible that the fortification of such a densely inhabited settlement was necessary in the 3rd/4th century when the political situation in Palestine became unstable. Two coins from this stratum have been dated, one to the time of Hadrian (117–138 CE), the second to between 400 and 450 CE.</p><br>
<h3>Islamic period</h3><br>
<p>The 2001 survey of the tall showed that the settlement on the tall plateau during the Islamic period did not extend across the entire area. Habitation in this period is concentrated in specific places. These will be explored in future years, i.e., the area around the spring (Late Islamic period) and another area on the south-eastern plateau (Middle Islamic period).</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>J. Dijkstra/M. Dijkstra/Vieweger/K. Vriezen: Regionaal Archaeologisch Onderzoek Nabij Umm Qes (Ant. Gadara) De Opgravingen op Tell Zera’a en de Ligging van Laatbrons Gadara, Phoenix 51/1 (2005) 5–26.</p><br>
<p>J. Häser/D. Vieweger: Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Investigations of the Wadi el-Arab and the Tall Ziraa, 2003 and 2004, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 49 (2005), 135–146.</p><br>
<p>J. Häser/D. Vieweger: The Gadara Region Project in the Northern Jordan: Spring campaign 2005 on Tall Zar&#39;a, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 51 (2007) 9-20.</p><br>
<p>J. Häser/D. Vieweger: The Gadara Region Project in Northern Jordan. The spring campaign 2006 on Tall Zir&#39;a, Annual of the Département of Antiquities of Jordan 51 (2007) 21-34.</p><br>
<p>J. Häser/D. Vieweger: Gadara Region Project. Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Excavations on Tall Zira&#39;a in 2005 and 2006, American Journal of Archaeology, 111/3 (2007) 526-530.</p><br>
<p>C. Steuernagel: Der ’Adschlun, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 49 (1926) 80–83.</p><br>
<p>D. Vieweger: Der Tell Zeraa im Wadi el-Arab. Die Region südlich von Gadara. Ein Beitrag zur Methodik des Tell-Surveys, Das Altertum 48 (2003) 191–216.</p><br>
<p>D. Vieweger/J. Häser: Der Tell Zeraa im Wadi el-Arab. Das „Gadara Region-Project“ in den Jahren 2001 bis 2004, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 121 (2005a) 1–30.</p><br>
<p>D. Vieweger/J. Häser: Neueste Entdeckungen auf dem Tell Zera&#39;a (Jordanien), Welt und Umwelt der Bibel (2005b) 62–64.</p><br>
<p>D. Vieweger/J. Häser: Das „Gadara-Region Project“ – Der Tall Zira&#39;a in den Jahren 2005 und 2006, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 123 (2007) 1-27.</p><br>
<p>D. Vieweger/J. Häser: “… sixty great cities with walls and bronze bars…”. 5000 Years of Palestinian History on One Settlement Mound, Near Eastern Archaeology, 70/3 (2007) 147-167.</p><br>
<p>Time Hill, the former offices of the Gruen Watch Company, is a historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>When completed in 1916, Time Hill was divided primarily into large rooms in which watchmakers sat at manufacturing desks under high ceilings with visible beams. The grand lobby, two stories tall, featured a mahogany staircase and a fireplace covered with Rookwood tile. The building sits elevated from McMillan Street, with a steep gabled roof parallel to the street and brick walls covered with half-timbering. It rests on an asphalt foundation, while the roof is ceramic tile.</p><br>
<p>During the 1990s, Time Hill was occupied by an insurance firm, which subjected the building to an abortive attempt to create a modernistic office complex in the interior; nearly all of the interior was removed and replaced with new styling. After the venture failed, the building was sold at sheriffs sale to Union Institute & University, which already owned the similarly styled Procter and Collier-Beau Brummell Building across the street; a primarily online university, Union was outgrowing its space in the Brummell Building and bought Time Hill with intentions of converting it into the universitys headquarters.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Time Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. The adjacent Brummell Building was given the same honor twelve years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Haddon Hall is a historic apartment building in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the late 1900s, it has been declared a historic site.</p><br>
<p>One of the areas better Dutch Colonial Revival buildings, Haddon Hall was built by Thomas Emerys Sons (a real estate agency) according to a design by architect Joseph G. Steinkamp. In the 1890s and 1900s, Emery&#39;s became the first company in the Cincinnati metropolitan area engaged in the construction of apartment buildings, and Haddon is typical of their construction.</p><br>
<p>Haddon Hall is built of wood and brick; the building rests on a stone foundation and has other elements of wood and stone. Its walls are brick with wooden elements on the outside; the stone and wooden details are found largely around the entrances and the Doric-style capital on the entrance columns respectively. Four stories tall, the building is constructed in the Dutch Colonial Revival style and features that style&#39;s characteristic gambrel roof; Palladian windows are placed in the ends of the fourth floor, and windows on all floors feature detailed stone lintels. Access to the building is provided primarily by a single ground-floor entrance with a portico.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, Haddon Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and its place in local history.</p><br>
<p>The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial is the final resting place of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States; his wife Anna Harrison; and his son John Scott Harrison, Congressman and father of the twenty-third President, Benjamin Harrison. It is located on Brower Road approximately one-half mile west of USA Route 50 in North Bend, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Harrison died April 4, 1841, one month after taking office, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. in June of that year, his remains were removed for transport to their final resting place in North Bend. The Harrison family chose a site at the crest of Mt. Nebo on the family estate and the interment occurred July 7, 1841. In 1871, John Harrison sold all but 6 acres of the estate. He offered this portion, containing the tomb and other burial sites, to the state of Ohio in exchange for a pledge of perpetual maintenance.</p><br>
<p>After several years of neglect, the tomb and grounds fell into a state of disrepair until 1919 when the Ohio General Assembly formally accepted the bequest and appropriated funds for its care. The tomb was listed in the National Register on November 10, 1970.</p><br>
<p>The tomb is currently managed by the Harrison - Symmes Memorial Foundation on behalf of the Ohio History Connection. In 2007, improvements at the site included installation of kiosks to educate visitors about Harrison, his role in settling the Ohio River Valley and USA history.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Graves/Burials</p><br>
<p>The Harrison–Landers House was a historic Federal-style residence near the village of Newtown in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Built in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, it served a range of residential and commercial purposes throughout its obscure history, but enough of its history was known to permit its designation as a historic site in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by a Mr. P. Harrison in the early nineteenth century, Executed in brick,</p><br>
<p>Mr. Harrison was related by marriage to a prominent citizen of early Newtown, the miller Nathaniel Armstrong. Members of Armstrongs family later owned a carding mill in Newtown, and years after Harrisons residence at the house, it was known as the "Armstrong Mill". Comparatively little is known about its historic uses (the 1930s surveyors noted that the only sources of information were the current owner and one other local resident), although it appears to have been used for commercial purposes: located on the road from Newtown to Plainville, it was employed as a saloon and tavern, primarily by farmers taking their animals to market. By the late twentieth century, it had been converted into a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name of "Harrison–Landers House", deriving the latter half of its name from the family that occupied it in the 1930s. It qualified for designation because of its historically significant architecture, which closely resembled that of the James Whallon House in Greenhills to the northwest. Historic designation has not been enough to preserve the house, which has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Elmer Hess House is a historic residence in the city of Wyoming, Ohio, United States. Erected in the late nineteenth century, it was originally the home of a Cincinnati industrialist, and it has been designated a historic site because of its distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of weatherboarded walls on a stone foundation, the house is covered by a slate roof. Two stories tall, the frame Hess House mixes details of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles. The facade features a veranda-style porch with a delicate balustrade and Ionic columns. Underneath the porch roof, the main entrance is surrounded by large sidelights, while a transom window of leaded glass sits above the doorway. The overall floor plan is that of the letter "L", divided into four bays on the front and three on the sides.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>Good transportation is a leading reason for Wyoming&#39;s prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers. Curves in the road were cut off in 1806, forming a new road that is today followed by Springfield Pike through central Wyoming. Improvements in the 1830s only enhanced its importance. By this time, another mode of transportation had become significant: the Miami and Erie Canal was built a short distance to the east in 1828, and the village of Lockland grew up along its side. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad on the border between Lockland and Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Because of Wyomings proximity to the industry of Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati, and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Most such houses were built in the Wyoming Hills area, west of Springfield Pike; growth in this area continued until the coming of the Great Depression. Hess was typical of these industrialists, being the president of the Spring and Axle Company in Cincinnatis Carthage neighborhood; he lived in the house from its construction in 1900 until 1911.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, a local historic preservation group began a citywide survey to identify Wyoming&#39;s historic buildings, and this effort culminated with a multiple property submission of eighteen houses, the Wyoming Presbyterian Church, and one historic district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Along with all but one of the other properties, the Hess House was listed on the Register in the following year, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture and because of its connection to Hess.</p><br>
<p>The George Hoadley Jr. House is a historic residence in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built in 1900, it has been named a historic site because of its unusual construction.</p><br>
<p>The son of George Hoadly, the Governor of Ohio in the 1880s, George Hoadley Jr. was a prominent Cincinnati lawyer and one of the partners in the law firm of Harmon, Colston, Goldsmith, and Hoadley. At the end of the 1890s, Hoadley commissioned the design of his new house from one of the area&#39;s more prominent architectural firms: Elzner and Anderson, which had already produced such structures as the Ingalls Building downtown. Leading proponents of construction with concrete, Elzner and Anderson designed many buildings with the material, but the Hoadley House is one of just two concrete houses that displays the material on its exterior; it is covered with a fake stucco made from concrete. Aside from the exterior, it is much more of a typical area house, being a three-story building with a frame structure, a stone foundation, minor elements of wood, and a roof of ceramic tiles.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the Hoadley House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; besides the house itself, the designation included a single contributing outbuilding. The house qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its distinctive historic architecture: besides its unusual material, it is significant as one of Cincinnati&#39;s earliest and most ornate surviving Mission Revival buildings.</p><br>
<p>Holy Cross Monastery and Church is a registered historic building complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on September 13, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Founding</h2><br>
<p>Between 1873 and 1977, the Holy Cross Monastery was a Roman Catholic monastery atop Mt. Adams in Cincinnati, which served a parish of the same name. It was founded by the Passionists, who were first brought to Mt. Adams in 1871 by John Baptist Purcell, the Archbishop of Cincinnati, to run Immaculata Church, founded in 1860.</p><br>
<p>The first Passionist pastor of Immaculata Parish, Guido Matassi, C.P., immediately saw that the rectory of the parish would be inadequate to their needs as a semi-monastic community. By chance, the building which used to house the Mitchel Observatory (later the Cincinnati Observatory), located only two blocks away from Immaculata Church, was being abandoned due to the effects of industrial pollution.</p><br>
<p>The terms of the will of the donor of the property which had housed the observatory, however, required the return of the property to his heirs. When Matassi approached them about purchasing the property, they demanded a price which he would not pay. With the encouragement and support of Sarah Peter, daughter of an early Governor of Ohio and a noted convert to Catholicism, the city stepped in and purchased the property from the heir. The following year Matassi signed a 99-year lease with the City of Cincinnati for a building and a property atop Mt. Adams. The Passionists remodeled the structure and added a third floor.</p><br>
<h2>The Church and Monastery of the Holy Cross</h2><br>
<p>The first Church of the Holy Cross, made out of wood, was finished in 1873, standing next to the monastery, but in 1895 it was replaced by a large, permanent structure. It served mostly Irish immigrants.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 the monastery was condemned as unsafe, and a new edifice was built in the same location. It was dedicated on June 9, 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Decline of the monastic community</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1960s and early 1970s, thousands of Roman Catholic priests across the United States left the priesthood and religious life because of Vatican II. The governance of many Catholic religious Orders became more democratic—including Holy Cross Monastery.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1970s, several members of the Passionist community were trying to decide if they wanted to continue as priests or leave the priesthood or religious life altogether. No new candidates were joining the congregation. The regional Passionist superiors made the decision to close it in 1977 and the building sold two years later.</p><br>
<p>Holy Cross Parish was merged with Immaculata Parish, also located atop Mt. Adams. The combined parish has since been known as Holy Cross-Immaculata.</p><br>
<p>The Hoodin Building was a historic apartment building in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built in 1881, Despite its designation as a historic site, it is no longer standing.</p><br>
<p>Measuring two-and-a-half stories tall, the Hoodin Building was an Italianate structure with weatherboarded walls and a foundation of fieldstone. A raised basement necessitated the construction of wooden stairways to permit access to the building&#39;s front porches, both of which were heavily ornamented. Besides the porches, the building featured such details as a cornice with brackets, a symmetrical facade, and pedimented lintels above the windows of the second story. For this reason, a 1978 historic preservation survey found the building distinctive enough for special mention.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Hoodin Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its historically significant architecture, which was deemed to be in excellent condition. It was one of seventeen Columbia-Tusculum properties included in a multiple property submission related to the previous year&#39;s historic preservation survey; most of the properties were buildings, but the Columbia Baptist and Fulton-Presbyterian Cemeteries were also included. Despite this distinction, the Hoodin has been demolished; the site is now an empty lot. Nevertheless, the building remains listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Hooper Building is a historic commercial building in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built to a design by a master architect, it is named for an executive of its first occupant, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>From its establishment until 1885, the John Church Company operated from premises at 66 W. 4th Street, selling musical instruments and printed music. It chose to move in 1885, and in 1893 it arranged for the construction of the present structure in the 100 block of 4th Street. The company&#39;s president was William Hooper at this time, and as such, the new building was given his name.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick on a foundation of limestone, the seven-story Hooper Building features a symmetrical facade designed in a variant of the Queen Anne style. Among its most prominent themes are its division into five bays on both the front and the western side, with the three central bays being recessed from the corners. On the top story, the normal lintels give way to an arcade decorated with limestone keystones carven in the shapes of scrolls. Masonry courses divide the building into several vertical components: the second and third stories are separated by a large beltcourse, while lintels are placed throughout the facade.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, much of West 4th Street was designated a historic district, the West Fourth Street Historic District, and added to the National Register of Historic Places. Although the district&#39;s boundaries did not include the Hooper Building, it was expanded eastward in 1979, and the Hooper was included as a contributing property in the larger district. One year later, the building was individually listed on the Register, due to its well-preserved historic architecture. Dozens of other properties in Cincinnati, including the Brittany Apartment Building, were added to the Register at the same time as part of a multiple property submission of buildings designed by Samuel Hannaford.</p><br>
